Anggaran merupakan unsur yang penting dalam perusahaan, karena anggaran digunakan manajemen dalam melaksanakan fungsinya terutama dalam perencanaan dan pengendalian. Perencanaan merupakan dasar bagi suatu pengendalian, sedangkan pengendalian diperlukan untuk mencapai tujuan perusahaan. Anggaran merupakan suatu alat yang digunakan untuk mengadakan perencanaan dan pengendalian. Anggaran merupakan…
Seringkali kita temukan peristiwa-peristiwa yang dalam prakteknya tidak sesuai dengan konsep teori atau bahkan tidak ada teori yang bisa menjawab persoalan yang sedang berkembang dan dialami oleh masyarakat. Perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan begitu pesat sebanding dengan kondisi riil yang dinamis menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi akademisi terkhusus bagi kami dalam memberikan kontribusi guna pening…
Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) adalah sebuah proyek kemanusiaan yang digagas Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) yang disepakati oleh 189 negara, termasuk Indonesia untuk mulai dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2000 sampai 2015. MDGs merupakan sebuah inisiatif pembangunan yang dibentuk oleh para perwakilan tidak hanya negara kaya, melainkan juga negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara miskin dengan…
Ketergantungan masyarakat pedesaan, dalam hal pembangunan merupakan akibat dari proses interaksi faktor sosial, ekonomi, politik dan budaya yang mendasari munculnya negara sebagai satu kekuatan yang dominan. Hal ini menyebabkan aparat negara merasa mempunyai wewenang untuk secara langsung terlibat dalam pelaksanaan program pada tingkat desa. Inisiatif pembangunan pedesaan tetap ada pada tangan …
UPAYA penanggulangan kemiskinan adalah salah satu masalah sosial yang menjadi perhatian utama pemerintah pusat dan daerah selama ini. Tidak sedikit dana telah dikucurkan, dan cukup banyak program penanggulangan kemiskinan telah dicanangkan. Tetapi akibat situasi krisis yang berkepanjangan, dan kurang maksimalnya koordinasi antar dinas dan lembaga dalam penanganan kemiskinan, maka berbagai upay…
Keterlibatan anak dalam kegiatan produktif di satu sisi adalah bagian dari mekanisme survival keluarga miskin dan bahkan dianggap sebagai proses awal untuk mempersiapkan anak yang mandiri. Namun di sisi lain melibatkan anak dalam kegiatan produktif yang terlalu dini, ternyata juga mengundang banyak resiko dan bahkan acapkali melanggar hak-hak anak. Dengan memaksa anak bekerja dalam jam yang pan…
Republik Indonesia merupakan negara kepuiauan dan terletak di daerah tropis. Dengan kondisi geografis demikian, Indonesia memiliki berbagai potensi sumberdaya alam. Sebagian dari sumberdaya alam itu telah sejak lama dimanfaatkan masyarakat dalam berbagai bidang. Namun sebagian besar masih belum tergali secara optimal. Satu diantara sumberdaya alam yang potensial untuk dikembangkan adalah mi…
The book starts with a chapter setting the mathematical background, which is differential geometry, at a basic level (Chap. 2). This is followed by two purely geometrical chapters devoted to the study of a single hypersurface embedded in spacetime (Chap. 3) and to the foliation (or slicing) of spacetime by a family of spacelike hypersurfaces (Chap. 4). The presentation is divided in two cha…
Iknew little of Papua New Guinea when my family and I arrived in 1972 from Idi Amin’s Uganda. One colleague at Makerere University had told us about cargo cults1 and another had shown us Gardens of War,2 the photo-essay on the Dugum Dani in Irian Jaya. These books portray cultural complexity and physical vigour, but no ‘modern’ politics or economics, so we were ill-prepared for the re…
First constructed two and a half centuries ago, the hydraulic ram is one of the oldest mechanical devices for water lifting. The first application utilised the principle for the water supply of a brewery. In this set up a water valve had to be manually closed. Very soon upgrades for an automatic operation of the device were adapted. With technological progress also the ram was improved, but got…
Italy is the largest producer of table chestnuts in Europe. This study focuses on the chestnut supply chain in South Tyrol (Alto Adige/Südtirol), a northern Italian province where chestnuts are currently of minor importance in relation to other crops such as apples and grapes. Nevertheless, a small number of chestnut farmers keep a historically rooted tradition alive. A detailed survey of the …
Focusing on agro-pastoralism and the change in farmland use by the highlanders in Ladakh, Domkhar valley in lower Ladakh was selected as the research site. Domkhar valley has a total population of 1,269 people and 193 households and is divided into three villages based on their locations: Domkhar Do (lower village, 3,000 to 3,100 meters altitude), Domkhar Barma (middle village,3,400 to 3,500 me…
This paper presents the impact of ENSO phase (El Niño and La Niña) on the variability of temperature and rainfall in Chiang Mai province, Upper Northern Thailand, and to identify the relation between ENSO index and temperature and rainfall. The study used data from four weather stations located at the altitude ranging from 320 to 1400 m a.s.l., covering the period of 1988 to 2011. We used two…
Stone in the past decades has been the most widely used building material, highly tied to the natural environment. The stone walls, dams, warehouses, farmhouses, paving, etc., are remarkable stone constructions and functional creations. Stone as building material was originating from rocks in the near territory, resulting an absolute harmony with the natural environment. From a hydrological a…
Ecological rainwater management methods in urban areas can contribute to: 1) reduction of total rain water runoff and of its peak, 2) storage of rainwater, in order to cover low quality water demand, such as park irrigation, 3) local aquifer replenishment,4) reduction of property damage and activity disruption, which is due to insufficient sewer networks, 5) improvement of rain runoff quality t…
The main objective of this research is to evaluate crop water stress index (CWSI) on eggplant under various irrigation regimes applied with subsurface and surface drip systems in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The field experiments were carried out during the eggplant season of 2013, in the experimental fields of Soil and Water Resources Research Unit in Tarsus. In the study, two i…
Abstract Every day, the evaluation of classical distribution networks (DNs) to smart grids (SGs) has become a necessity, and renewable energy sources (RESs) are an important part for smart grids. One of the most significant problems for RESs is the sustainability of energy, because the raw material storage is not possible for renewable energy sources as photovoltaic (PV), wind, etc. Therefore…
Abstract Line start-permanent magnet synchronous motor (LS-PMSM) is one of the modern high efficiency motor introduced to the industry, recently. Like other types of electrical machines, various failures may happen in LS-PMSM during its life time. Among different failures which may occur in the motors with squirrel cage rotor, rotor fault (broken rotor bar) is the most significant one. This p…
Abstract This study presents an advanced computer interactive system for automatic parallel connection of synchronous generators and load sharing control between them. Because of its high operation speed and precision, a dsPIC microcontroller has been used in the study to control the conditions for paralleling and then to realize the connection, to transfer the real time data among the contro…
Abstract The paper introduces the possibility to eliminate certain groups of spatial harmonics of the current layer, magnetic flux density in the air gap and flux in the yoke of the induction machine with the aim to increase the efficiency. The content of higher spatial harmonics is reduced by means of the so-called combined winding. It is shownhowthis winding must be arranged in stator slots…
Abstract Traditionally, the core losses of permanent magnet synchronous motors are assumed to vary as a function of rotational speed and the supply voltage. In this paper, the effect of armature reaction on the core losses under constant speed and stator voltage is studied. The load angle of the machine is varied, and the core losses are determined using the finite element analysis.To explain…
Abstract This paper presents an experimental investigation of a small-scale wind turbine conversion system (WTCS), using wind power simulator based on a permanent magnet type synchronous generator (PMSG) which is directly coupled to a servomotor to emulate the WTCS. The wind power simulator is either speed or torque controlled in which propose a “wind shaft”, to verify the dynamic and sta…
Abstract In this paper, an extrinsic Fabry–Perot interferometer (EFPI) has been demonstrated for strain measurements. A monochromatic light source with a wavelength of 1310 nm is propagated into a single-mode fiber and then passed through the sensing arm. Approximately, 4 % of the beam is reflected off at the fiber end generating the “reference signal”, while the rest is next transmitte…
Abstract A squirrel cage induction motor has been the workhorse in industry for variable speed applications in a wide power range that covers from fractional horsepower to multi megawatts. But the control and estimation of ac drives in general are considerably more complex than those of dc drives. The advent of vector control techniques has partially solved induction motor control problems. H…
Abstract Magnetic devices are essential components in the field of power electronics. Exploiting the non-linear behavior of inductors and transformers offers the great merit of increasing the performance of switch mode power supplies. For instance, the light-load efficiency of a buck voltage regulator can be improved by using a non-linear inductor with stepped air gap. Moreover, non-linear ch…
Abstract Distributed generation (DG) is predicted to play an increasingly important role in the future power system. DGs, however, can provoke technical problems when they are added to the existing system. An islanding is one of those problems while using DGs. During that mode, the power electronic interface of DGs has both roles of keeping the point of common coupling’s voltage within a re…
Abstract In this paper, a novel single-stage single-phase buck–boost inverter design is presented. Depending on the duty ratio, the output voltage of the proposed inverter can be lower or higher than the DC input one. Similar to the conventional voltage source inverter, the proposed inverter includes four power electronic switches without the need for any extra switches. All the inverter fo…
Abstract Validation of an estimated model is not a trivial task because it depends on the purpose of the model, which usually defines the most important features of the model. Thus, in a validation process, the use of diverse tools that exploit different domains is recommended. Here, with this aim, a scale for model validation is proposed that combines the Normalized Root Mean Square Error …
Managing water sustainably in a 'green' economy means using water more efficiently in all sectors and ensuring that ecosystems have the quantity and quality of water needed to function effectively. Despite the increasing demand for water and its scarcity in some regions in Europe and the Mediterranean basin, "water use efficiency" or Water Productivity, is claimed to be unsatisfactory. In many …
Use of rain gardens and other ecological rainwater management methods in urban areas can contribute to: 1) reduction of total rain water runoff and of its peak, 2) storage of rainwater, in order to cover low quality water demand, such as irrigation of gardens, 3) local aquifer replenishment, 4) reduction of property damage and activity disruption, which is due to insufficient sewer network capa…
The study of the hydraulic buildings and the exemplary case of several urban systems, whose growth was supported by the hydraulic frame, intended to understand and clarify the importance of water on the Canarias landscape. Mills, wells, ditches, ponds and reservoirs directly shaped the landscape, constituting themselves visible lines and indirectly, by conditioning the provision of agricultu…
FAO-AQUASTAT states that in Greece, about 70% of the available water resources are used for irrigation purposes. According to directive 2000/60/EC, action is needed to protect water in qualitative and quantitative terms. Among the several actions that are expected to contribute to the protection of water is the optimization of irrigation management. In this framework irrigation professionals …
The purpose of this study was to implement the monthly FAO Penman-Monteith evapotranspiration estimation method in a GIS environment, given the importance of spatial estimation of the evapotranspiration in the rational management of water resources and also the lack of easily applicable methodology in GIS environment. In this context, a Python programming language script was developed for imple…
The purpose of this study is to investigate the soil hydrodynamic characteristics, i.e. water retention curve and field saturated hydraulic conductivity, at reclaimed agricultural land of Messolonghi polder in Greece (38o 21’ 58’’ N; 21o 28’ 41’’ E). The reclaimed Dutch type pilot-polder of Messolonghi was chosen as study area, because of its characteristics. The area is most likely…
Agriculture is the largest consumer of water. Since water demand for irrigational purposes is expected to rise and given the fact that freshwater is not an unlimited resource, conflicts about the use of water and allocation issues are becoming more intense. The present paper examines the potential for water conflict when water consumption for irrigation takes place. In order to contribute to th…
Hydronomic works (rivers and streams arrangement works) have as target the dissuasion of control of torrent effects (disintegration, erosion, sliding, crumbling etc), the stabilization of stream sides and the providing of flood protection. Additionally hydronomic works in downgraded hydrologic basins and river sides, except of the provided protection, contribute to the formation and evolutio…
Various methods to visualize, map and graph European drought events since the 1970s are now available through the European Drought Observatory (EDO). Monitoring drought is a task that requires the combination of various data sources and indicators in order to provide a comprehensive picture of this complex natural event and its manifold impacts. The monitoring of rainfall and temperature for…
Development of modern irrigation and drainage networks is one of the effective strategies to preventing water losses and optimal usage of water resources in agricultural section. So far, about 1.8 million ha of the total 8.5 million ha irrigated lands are irrigated using modern irrigation networks in Iran. Many new irrigation networks are also under construction. In the other hand, recent studi…
Installing drainage systems in saturated soils decreases the level of the subsurface water table and enables the creation of groundwater reservoirs without gravity water – i.e. drainage retention capacity (DREC). DREC, developed by the hydraulic functions of a drainage system, can be defined as a groundwater reservoir, which is limited by soil surface and which occupies an intermediate positi…
In all ancient traditions, drainage and irrigation in the region of Gjirokastra, are starting to become so planned and organized over the years 1967-1968. The year 1969 was the most successful year because 32 aqueducts were built that accounted for 36.8% of the water supply built up to that period. In 1970’s were accomplished mainly drainage works in Drino Valley along the river banks of Perm…
Climatic parameters obtained from the meteorological measurements over a long period represent a start position for monitoring and forecasting climate changes in the future. The paper observes monthly values of climatic parameters such as minimum and maximum air temperature (Tmin, Tmax), precipitation, wind speed at 2 m height (u2) and actual vapor pressure (ea) from twelve meteorological stati…
Geography as a discipline plays a great significance in identifying, assessing of human and natural landscapes. Divjakë-Karavasta National Park represents area under the study, aiming evaluating the natural landscape, rural landscape created in settlements areas, recognition of the values of natural and cultural heritage of the Park from the youth. The paper makes an estimation of the natural …
With regard to the growing shortage of water resources, especially in dry and dry-half regions, the issue of amount of the existing water networks to down the basin irrigation and drainage is very important. Hamidiehmodern irrigation networks and drainage which located on the left and the right side of Karkhenoor area that exactly located on the the domain of network south Karkhe. Current resea…
The effective usage of limited water resources and ensuring of agricultural sustainability especially in case of using poor quality water for irrigation in arid and semiarid regions require a good irrigation management and management tools. The SALTMED model has been developed as an integrated model that can simulate soil moisture, salinity distribution, leaching requirements and crop yield by …
While Europe is by large considered as having adequate water resources, water scarcity and drought is an increasingly frequent and widespread phenomenon in the European Union. The long term imbalance resulting from water demand exceeding available water resources is no longer uncommon (EU, 2012). Objective of this paper is to show how the tools, based on the operational implementation of Earth …
Technology and its "products", when unearthed from archaeologists, are irrefutable witnesses of the technological level of each era and place. Evaluation of archaeological finds in relation to the advanced technology of each era and compared to the ancient literature, could infer conclusions regarding the nature of relations between different civilizations. Metallurgy, construction technology a…
The construction of the Alqueva reservoir in a semi-arid Mediterranean landscape brought new opportunities for irrigated farming. Land use changes and climate change may alter the risk of soil erosion that was not predicted in the initial development plans and decrease the lifetime of the investment. A comprehensive methodology that integrates the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE)…
Agricultural irrigation canals are widespread across southern France, where they cover a large portion of the Provençal region. While they are still extensively used in productive farming, part of the irrigated area is gradually being taken over by peri-urban habitat and business and industrial parks. As a result, some parts of the canal network have now been abandoned, either built over or tu…
Amvrakikos Wetlands National Park is located in the North-West Greece. It is an area of high environmental importance, as it is characterized by a very rich biodiversity. Because of it's importance, the north part of the gulf is protected by Ramsar Convention and is part of the EU NATURA network. The adjacent plain of Arta (most of which is part of the land part of the park), hosts intensively …
The studied agricultural landscape is situated to the south and southeast from the volcanic mass of Polana. Terrain of the submountain area is smoothly denudated because it had been eroded for a long time before the volcanic period. Valleys of the Bystry potok and Riecka streams correspond with tectonic faults. The region was colonized during the 17th century by pastorals and later by peasants.…