SUMMARY 1. Anthropogenic stressors may influence hosts and their pathogens directly or may alter host–pathogendynamics indirectly through interactions with other species. For example, in aquatic ecosystems, eutrophication may be associated with increased or decreased disease risk. Conversely, pathogens can influence community structure and function and are increasingly recognised as importan…
Summary 1. Urbanization is a growing threat to ecological communities and has become a leading cause of population extirpations in a wide range of taxa. Because the effects of urbanization are often multifaceted, identifying the pathways through which changes in communities occur has remained a persistent challenge. 2. We draw upon metacommunity theory to evaluate competing explanations fo…