Abstract: This study observed long- and short-distance road user satisfaction with national road infrastructure in order to direct future road management strategies. The research was a quantitative research method using questionnaire translated into the Japanese Language. The questionnaires were distributed to 2000 road users of two national roads in Saga, Japan. A fivepoint Likert scale was us…
† Background and Aims: Despite their toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in plant cell signalling pathways, such as mediating responses to stress or infection and in programmed cell death, at lower levels. Although studies have indicated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes seed germination of several plants such as Arabidopsis, barley, wheat, rice and sunflower, t…
Abstract. An immiscible interface, which was composed of CaCl2 aqueous and ester phases, was excited by the addition of a small amount of water. The excitation, i.e., burst and flow at the interface, was observed above a critical concentration of CaCl2 in the aqueous phase. The critical concentration and degree of excitation depended on the kind of ester. The mechanism of excitation is disc…
1. Efforts to understand the effects of plant traits on carbon and nutrient cycling have recently focused on species variation and the potential for species data to improve predictions of past, present and future variation in ecosystems. However, the evolutionary lability of relevant traits among closely related species and the extent of intraspecific variation warrant further consideration. …