Analysis of Nonequivalent Assessments Across Different Linguistic Groups Usin…

Differential item functioning (DIF) can undermine the validity of cross-lingual comparisons. While a lot of efficient statistics for detecting DIF are available, few general findings have been found to explain DIF results. The objective of the article was to study DIF sources by using a mixed method design. The design involves a quantitative phase in which DIF was analyzed followed by a qualita…