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Assessing the Relationship Between Propagule Pressure and Invasion Risk in Ballast Water

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The human-mediated introduction of species to regions of the world they
could never reach by natural means has had great impacts on the environment,
the economy, and society. In the ocean, these invasions have long been mediated
by the uptake and subsequent release of ballast water in ocean-going vessels.
Increasing world trade and a concomitantly growing global shipping fleet
composed of larger and faster vessels, combined with a series of prominent ballast-
mediated invasions over the past two decades, have prompted active national
and international interest in ballast water management.

Following the invasion of European zebra mussels (Driessena polymorpha)
in the Great Lakes, the United States Congress passed the Nonindigenous Aquatic
Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 (NANPCA), requiring the
United States Coast Guard (USCG) to regulate ballast operations of ships.
NANPCA was reauthorized and expanded in 1996 with the passage of the National
Invasive Species Act. In 2008, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) entered the ballast water management arena by issuing its first Vessel
General Permit, under the authority of the Clean Water Act of 1972.

Both the USCG and EPA ballast management programs are undergoing revisions
that focus on setting specific post-treatment discharge standards for ballast
water. Forthcoming regulatory deadlines prompted the EPA and the USCG
to request the National Research Council’s (NRC) Water Science and Technology
Board (WSTB) to undertake a study to provide technical advice on the derivation
of numeric limits for living organisms in ballast water for the next EPA
Vessel General Permit and for USCG programs. The sponsoring agencies asked
the NRC to:
1. Evaluate the state of the science of various approaches that assess the
risk of establishment of aquatic nonindigenous species given certain concentrations
of living organisms in ballast water discharges.
2. Recommend how these approaches can be used by regulatory agencies
to best inform risk management decisions on the allowable concentrations of
living organisms in discharged ballast water in order to safeguard against the
establishment of new aquatic nonindigenous species and to protect and preserve
existing indigenous populations of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and other beneficial
uses of the nation’s waters.
3. Evaluate the risk of successful establishment of new aquatic nonindigenous
species associated with a variety of ballast water discharge limits that
have been used or suggested by the international community and/or domestic
regulatory agencies.

Given the nature of this mandate, this report focuses on inoculum density,
which is the basis of proposed discharge standards. Nonetheless, it is but one of
many variables that determine whether a species will become a successful invader.
The Committee recognized at the outset that any method that attempts to
predict invasion outcomes based upon only one of many factors that influence
the invasion process is likely to be characterized by a high level of uncertainty.
At the request of the sponsors and given the limited time period for the
study, it was not within the Committee’s charge to propose numeric discharge
standards or to evaluate treatment systems that might be used in the future to
achieve any such standards. Finally, the report contains a glossary of terms
used.

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Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

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Penerbit

New York : National Academy of Sciences., 2011

Deskripsi Fisik

156 pages, 6 x 9, PAPERBACK (2011)

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

978-0-309-21562-6

Klasifikasi

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Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

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Subjek

LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

agus

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