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Deliberative Institutions and Conversational Participation in Liberal Democracies
              Deliberative democracy is an account of legitimacy and participation whose
purposes are to produce justifiable political outcomes and to involve the citizens in productive
conversations with each other. This article argues for a greater reliance on the
efforts of local conversational participants in the institutional construction process. Because
of their epistemic advantages, local participants are usually the agents who are
most optimally positioned to construct the deliberative institutions. As such, institutionalized
deliberation ought not to be seen as an orderly event that is capable of being planned
out beforehand by philosophers, but rather as a complex process that flourishes when the
conversation is developing—as much as is practicable—on its own.
Keywords: democracy; deliberation; institutions; virtues; liberal; pluralism            
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