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‘O Effeminacy! Effeminacy!’ War, masculinity and the myth of liberal peace
Abstract
This article challenges a received wisdom in the liberal peace thesis, namely that the
roots of the conjunction of liberalism and peace can be traced back to the idea of an
essentially pacific commercial civil society in the 18th-century Scottish Enlightenment.
The article instead shows that the Scottish Enlightenment was committed to the idea of
military virtue. Textual analysis of the work of Adam Smith and Adam Ferguson reveals
a deep and abiding commitment to martial values. The article explores this commitment
via an account of the rise of concerns over ‘effeminacy’ in the 18th century, understood
as a threat to both military virtue and masculine strength. In exploring these ideas the
article claims that IR has helped perpetuate one of today’s key political myths: that
liberalism is committed to peace.
Keywords: Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, effeminacy, liberal peace, martial values, masculinity, Scottish
enlightenment
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