e-book

Research Methods in Toxicology and Insecticide Resistance Monitoring of Rice Planthoppers

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Rice planthoppers are developing resistance to insecticides very rapidly. Publications
by several authors have reported that the brown planthopper (BPH) has acquired as
much as 1,000-fold resistance to imidacloprid in some areas in China. High resistance
to fipronil, fenobucarb, and buprofezin has also been reported. However, the methods
used by different authors differ signifi cantly, thereby making data comparison between
different countries and sites diffi cult and meaningless. In order to make toxicological
data across countries comparable, Matsumura and his colleagues have collected live
planthoppers at sites in Asia and cultured them in the laboratory in Kyushu, where
tests are carried out ex situ.

We have adopted an approach of developing a common standardized methodology
and national training program for partners to conduct appropriate and meaningful
in situ toxicological tests. Collaborators in a resistance monitoring network meet at
least once a year to review methods, data, and interpretations. In addition to collecting
standardized data sets that can be compared, this approach also develops local capacity
and the skills of national scientists in insecticide toxicology.

This book describes the standardized methodology we developed with step-by-step
illustrations wherever appropriate. The initial two chapters provide readers with an
introduction to insect toxicology involving insect biochemistry, genetics, and physiology
related to insecticide mode of action and resistance. Chapter 3 discusses quantal
response data and toxicological statistics. Here, we draw heavily from the works of
Finney (1977), Busvine (1971), and Robertson et al (2005) to provide readers with
some basics in quantal response data and toxicological statistics. Chapter 4 describes
the whole process involved in collecting specimens from the fi eld, rearing them in
an insectary, and preparing standardized test insects. In Chapter 5, preparation of a
stock solution from technical-grade insecticide based on active ingredient and the test
solutions used for insecticide application are discussed. Also discussed are topical application,
the use of recovery cages, and posttreatment conditions for test insects.

Probit analysis was developed by Finney to estimate the median lethal dose (LD50)
and associated statistics to be used for comparisons. Professor Finney’s program was
subsequently modifi ed and developed by Robertson and coworkers into PoloPlus©,
which is now the authoritative software for probit analysis in toxicology. In Chapter
6, the step-by-step use of PoloPlus© is discussed in detail with screen-shot illustrations
and interpretations.

Mixing two or more active ingredients either in a commercial product or by
growers in spray tanks is a common practice in rice production in Asia. In Chapter
7, the use of PoloMix©, a program to determine whether a particular mixture has a
synergistic, antagonistic, or no added effect, is discussed. Step-by-step procedures are
provided to help readers use the program.

In reporting the toxicological experiments, it is important to provide suffi cient
information so that other scientists can use it to make meaningful comparisons. There
are several ways to document toxicological data and Chapter 8 discusses one way of
presenting the data in tables and in probit line plots.

The Reference section contains the references cited in the chapters and some
additional useful sources from textbooks and Internet links.

Although this book specifi cally describes toxicological methods for rice planthoppers,
the basic principles involved in the determination of median lethal doses (LD50s)
are the same. The general techniques and processes can be applied to other insects.

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Ketersediaan

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Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

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Penerbit

Manila : International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)., 2011

Deskripsi Fisik

ix, 101 hlm.

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

978-971-22-0260-5

Klasifikasi

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Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

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Subjek

METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
HAMA TANAMAN
EKOFISIOLOGI TANAMAN

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

agus

Versi lain/terkait

Lampiran Berkas

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