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Energy-storagetechnologiesandelectricitygeneration
a b s t r a c t
As thecontributionofelectricitygeneratedfromrenewablesources(wind,waveandsolar)grows,the
inherent intermittencyofsupplyfromsuchgeneratingtechnologiesmustbeaddressedbyastep-
change inenergystorage.Furthermore,thecontinuouslydevelopingdemandsofcontemporary
applicationsrequirethedesignofversatileenergy-storage/powersupplysystemsofferingwideranges
of powerdensityandenergydensity.Asnosingleenergy-storagetechnologyhasthiscapability,
systemswillcomprisecombinationsoftechnologiessuchaselectrochemicalsupercapacitors,flow
batteries, lithium-ionbatteries,superconductingmagneticenergystorage(SMES)andkineticenergy
storage.Theevolutionoftheelectrochemicalsupercapacitorislargelydependentonthedevelopmentof
optimised electrodematerials(tailoredtothechosenelectrolyte)andelectrolytes.Similarly,the
development oflithium-ionbatterytechnologyrequiresfundamentalresearchinmaterialsscience
aimed atdeliveringnewelectrodesandelectrolytes.Lithium-iontechnologyhassignificantpotential,
and astep-changeisrequiredinordertopromotethetechnologyfromtheportableelectronicsmarket
into high-dutyapplications.Flow-batterydevelopmentislargelyconcernedwithsafetyandoperability.
However,opportunitiesexisttoimproveelectrodetechnologyyieldinglargerpowerdensities.Themain
barrierstoovercomewithregardtothedevelopmentofSMEStechnologyarethoserelatedtohigh-
temperaturesuperconductorsintermsoftheirgranular,anisotropicnature.Materialsdevelopmentis
essentialforthesuccessfulevolutionofflywheeltechnology.Giventheappropriateresearcheffort,the
key scientificadvancesrequiredinordertosuccessfullydevelopenergy-storagetechnologiesgenerally
representrealisticgoalsthatmaybeachievedby2050.
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