e-journal
The theory-practice gap:epistemology, identity, and education
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to theorize the theory-practice gap and to provide examples of
how it currently expresses itself and how it might be addressed to better integrate between the worlds
of thought and praxis.
Design/methodology/approach – Two empirical examples exemplify how the theory-practice gap
is an institutionally embodied social reality. Cultural-historical activity theory is described as a means
for theorizing the inevitable gap. An example from the airline industry shows how the gap may be
dealt with in, and integrated into, practice.
Findings – Cultural-historical activity theory suggests different forms of consciousness to exist in
different activity systems because of the different object/motives in the world in which we think and
the practical world in which we live. A brief case study of the efforts of one airline to integrate
reflection on practice (i.e. theory) into their on-the-job training shows how the world in which pilots
think about what they do is made part of the world in which pilots live.
Practical implications – First, in some cases, such as teacher education, institutional arrangements
can be made to situate education/training in the workplace. Second, even in the training systems with
high fidelity, high validity (transferability) cannot be guaranteed.
Originality/value – The approach proposed provides a theory not only for understanding the
theory-practice gap but also the gap that exists even between very high-fidelity (“photo-realistic”)
training situations and the real-world praxis full of surprises.
Keywords Reflection, Practice, Theory, Cultural-historical activity theory, Simulation, Fidelity
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