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Urban Design: A Typology of Procedures and Products
The term ‘urban design’ may have been coined in the mid-1950s but 20 years
later it was still largely unused outside a small circle of people concerned with the
four-dimensional development of precincts of cities. Now it is used for almost
anything concerned with human settlements. This change has occurred for two
reasons. The first is the importance of urban design’s spheres of interest in providing
opportunities for the development of, if not for determining, the quality
of life of people and, indeed, of the planet. The second is that mainstream architects
and city planners have come to understand that it was foolhardy to distance
themselves, intellectually and professionally, from urban design activities however
demanding they may be. The distancing was a response to the criticism that
architectural ideologies and the resultant multi-building architectural schemes of
the 1950s and 1960s had received. Those works was based on the paradigms of
environmental quality that were inherited from the Modernists. Luckily, a relatively
small group of, primarily, architects scattered around the world learnt from
the criticism and took the emerging field of urban design forward to the point
where it can be seriously discussed as a potential discipline in its own right.
The writing of this book has been motivated by a need: (1) to provide a typology
of procedures and products that makes some sense of what various people
(and fields) are talking about when they refer to urban design; (2) to present professionals
and students with a number of case studies that illustrate the range of
interpretations of urban design and (3) to provide an incipient set of such studies
that can be used as evidence in arguments about how to proceed in specific circumstances.
Urban designing, like any creative activity, is an argumentative
process. As the United States Supreme Court decreed during the 1990s, arguments
need to be based on evidence, not just opinions or claims of professional
expertise. Case studies constitute one source of evidence.
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