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The selection and signaling effects of third-party intervention
Although mediation is one of the most widely used conflict management techniques, not all international
conflicts involve mediation. Why do mediators intervene in some conflicts while not in
others? Do third parties strategically select cases for mediation? How does their decision to intervene
influence the outcome of international bargaining? This paper formally analyzes the initiation
of mediation and the effect of third parties’ decisions of (non-)involvement on the likelihood
of war. We find that informed mediators tend to avoid cases in which a disputant is resolute
(selection effect); however, even such self-serving actions can reduce the likelihood of warfare by
signaling the disputant’s intransigence to the other side and inducing the latter to make more
concessions during bilateral bargaining (signaling effect). The Kargil War of 1999 illustrates this
logic.
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