e-journal
The Fluoride Host: Nucleation, Growth, and Upconversion of Lanthanide-Doped Nanoparticles
The rapid ascent of nanoscience has garnered signifi cant attention in recent years. Much of the interest generated has dealt with the integration of nanoparticles in various applications ranging from automotive and textiles
to bioimaging and nanomedicine. In order for the realization of this potential,their synthesis and chemistry need to be thoroughly understood. One particularly interesting class of nanoparticles comprises a lanthanide-doped
inorganic matrix. Due to their physicochemical and optical properties, these lanthanide-doped nanoparticles are undergoing widespread investigation in many fi elds, particularly for in vitro and in vivo imaging, as well as theranostics.They offer signifi cant advantages in biological applications, particularly the extension of the system applicability to deep tissue regions of the body,a reduced scattering of the excitation wavelength, reduction of autofl uorescence,and decrease in thermal loading and photodamage to the system under study. Specifi cally, lanthanide-doped fl uoride hosts are being propelled to the forefront of the current research efforts as they offer several advantages
relative to other studied upconverting host materials. This review will take an in-depth look at lanthanide-doped upconverting fl uoride nanoparticles with a particular emphasis on the synthesis, nucleation, and growth mechanisms
and, fi nally, the potential to tailor particle properties.
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