e-journal
A capital-based framework for assessing coastal and marine social–ecological dynamics and natural resource management: A case study of Penghu archipelago
Human behavior and the environment interact reciprocally. It is necessary to understand
social and ecological systems as an integrated co-evolving social–ecological system (SES) to reveal
why an environment is in its current condition and how humans have impacted upon and been
influenced by the dynamics of natural system. Many societies in coastal and marine SESs rely on
marine natural capital for their livelihoods. They have adjusted to changes in natural capital by
utilizing human-made capital (i.e., physical, human, and social capital), and their behavior is
simultaneously influencing the natural capital. This study conceptualizes a capital-based framework
for investigating the adaptation and transformation of a social–ecological system on temporal scale
and provides a case study of Penghu Archipelago, Taiwan, with a 110-year historical review of the
period of 1900–2010. It is furthermore examined how human society adapts to marine natural
resource problems in order to understand the coping strategies. The results show human-made
capital is inadequate with respect to sustaining marine natural resources. Appropriate investment
in human-made capital is required for solving the problem. The challenge is to invest in social
capital so as to form functional institutions that employ physical and human capital in a sustainable
manner.
KEYWORDS: Social–ecological system; Social capital; Marine natural resource management; Adaptation; Penghu;
Taiwan
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