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Climate Change and Coastal Ecosystems: Long-Term Effects of Climate and Nutrient Loading on Trophic Organization

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The research effort on which this book is based has involved continuous analyses of a series of riverestuarine and coastal systems in the southeastern United States that encompassed the period from
1970 to 2012. These long-term studies were carried out using a combination of field-descriptive and
experimental (lab and field) approaches. The research team for this work included field personnel,
chemists, taxonomists, experimental biologists, physical oceanographers, hydrological engineers,
statisticians, computer programmers, and modelers.

An interdisciplinary, comparative database was created based on consistent field sampling
methods and detailed taxonomic identifications over the extended period of the study. The research
program was designed to evaluate system-level responses to natural and anthropogenic nutrient
loading and long-term climate changes. We concentrated on phytoplankton/benthic macrophyte
productivity and associated food web organization (infaunal and epibenthic macroinvertebrates and
fishes) in a series of river-dominated estuaries along the NE Gulf coast. Efforts were made to determine
how human activities affect these processes against a backdrop of continuous and long-term
responses to natural climatological cycles. The emphasis was on how river-estuarine systems differ
in their response to natural and anthropogenic nutrient loading along with the effects of seasonal
and interannual changes in climate conditions.

The field effort over the 43-year sampling period. It should be noted that all field sampling techniques (physical, chemical, and biological) were carried out based on written protocols (see Appendices). Most such protocols were developed at the beginning of the study. Sampling techniques in terms of spatial conditions were based on detailed habitat stratification in each coastal system. These methods were quantified early in the overall study period. There was a concerted effort to make sure that taxonomic identifications were made consistent with the ongoing efforts of a worldwide group of systematic experts. This adherence to quantitative sampling methodology and taxonomic verity along with the use of consistent laboratory analytic techniques allowed valid intersystem comparisons on which this book is based.

Complete descriptions of these ecosystems, data collection efforts and field/laboratory operations,
protocols for all field data collection and experimental methods, and methods of statistical
analysis and modeling have been published by Livingston (2000, 2002, 2005). The database
included long-term data taken in the Apalachicola River estuary, Apalachee Bay, and the Perdido
River estuary. Phytoplankton community analyses were carried out in the Perdido, Econfina, and
Fenholloway estuaries. Such shorter-term analyses have been made of the Escambia, Blackwater,
and Choctawhatchee bays as well. A 20-year program was carried out to determine the impact of a
pulp mill on the Elevenmile Creek–Perdido Bay system.

The multidisciplinary database included physicochemical and nutrient loading data and information
concerning detailed spatial and temporal distributions of (species-specific) phytoplankton,
infaunal and epibenthic invertebrates and fishes collected in a series of coastal systems in the NE
Gulf of Mexico. The intersection of variables such as nutrient loading, plankton responses, and the
effects of plankton blooms on secondary productivity and coastal food webs was analyzed relative
to long-term climatological changes. There was a particular emphasis on a comparative analysis of
the aforementioned factors in the five major river-estuarine systems within the extended study area.
Along with field sampling, there were associated field and laboratory experimental programs along
with a major effort to define the trophic organization of the various coastal systems.

In a book that relates long-term climatological changes (which includes the droughts of 1980–
1981, 1986–1988, 1999–2002, 2006–2008, and 2010–2012) to a series of multidisciplinary studies
of a series of river-estuarine systems in the NE Gulf of Mexico, it is appropriate to acknowledge
the periods covered by these research efforts. The general approach and field sampling methods
were common to all study areas. These studies were subject to the same determination of
trophic organization. However, two of these studies were short-term efforts. The Choctawhatchee
River–Bay project was carried out from 1985 to 1986. This included a period of relatively high
river flows that preceded the drought of 1986–1988. The Pensacola estuary project was carried out
from 1997 to 1998, a period of relatively high river flows with no major drought periods. These
two projects had such short time spans that no conclusions could be drawn regarding responses to
long-term climatological conditions. The Apalachee Bay study, which included intensive fieldwork
from 1971 to 1980 and from 1992 to 2004, covered a period during the 1970s that had no major
droughts. The latter field effort included intensive studies of drought conditions during 1999–2002.
The Apalachicola studies, which were most intensive during the period from 1972 to 1991, included
a period of no major droughts during the 1970s that was followed by a period of droughts during
1980–1981 and 1986–1988. The Perdido River estuary study was carried out from 1988 to 2007, a
period that included the droughts of 1999–2002 and 2006–2007. Thus, these three projects were
carried out over long enough periods so that the influence of climatological factors on physical,
chemical, and biological indices could be evaluated.

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Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

CRC Marine Science Series

No. Panggil

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Penerbit

New York : Taylor & Francis Group, LLC., 2015

Deskripsi Fisik

xxxiv, 524 Hlm.

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

978-1-4665-6843-3

Klasifikasi

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Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

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Subjek

ILMU KELAUTAN

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

agus

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