e-journal

Performance Analysis of RFID Protocols: CDMA Versus the Standard EPC Gen-2

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Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a ubiquitous wireless technology which allows objects to be identified automatically. An RFID tag is a small electronic device with an antenna and has a unique identification (ID) number. RFID tags can be categorized into passive and active tags. For passive tags, a standard communication protocol known as EPC-globalGeneration-2, or briefly EPC Gen-2, is currently in use. RFID systems are prone to transmission collisions due to the shared nature of the wireless channel used by tags. The EPCGen-2 standard recommends using dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique to solve the collision issue and to read the tag IDs successfully. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique used in the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol with the code division multiple access (CDMA) technique to reduce the number of collisions
and to improve the tag identification procedure. In this paper, the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes are modeled as absorbing Markov chain systems.
Using the proposedMarkov chain systems, the analytical formulae for the average number of queries and the total number of transmitted bits needed to identify all tags in an RFID system are derived for both the EPC Gen-2 protocol and the CDMA-based tag identification schemes. In the next step, the performance of the EPC Gen-2 protocol is compared with the CDMA-based tag identification schemes and it is shown that the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol outperforms the CDMA-based tag identification schemes in terms of the number of transmitted bits and the average time required to identify all tags in the system.
Note to Practitioners—In an RFID system, packet collisions can occur when multiple tags transmit a reply message simultaneously in response to a query from the reader. To cope with the collision issue in RFID systems, the EPC Gen-2 standard recommends the dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique for tag identification purpose. Most of the RFID systems that are currently in use by industry have been designed and implemented based on the EPC Gen-2 standard. Recently, some researchers have suggested to replace the current dynamic framed slotted ALOHA technique used in the EPCGen-2 protocol with theCDMAtechnique to allowmore tags to be read at each query and to expedite the tag identification
procedure. The time needed to identify all tags in the system and the required bandwidth play an important role in designing a commercial or industrial RFID system. Therefore, before adapting the
CDMA technique in new RFID systems, it is necessary to know the pros and cons of using this technique for the tag identification purpose, and to compare its performance with the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol. In this paper, the efficiency of the EPC Gen-2 and the CDMA-based protocols in identifying the nearby tags are evaluated and compared, and it is shown that the standard EPC Gen-2 protocol outperforms the CDMA-based technique in terms of the number of transmitted bits and the time needed to successfully identify all tags in the system. The analytical models proposed in this paper are also useful for engineers and developers to implement and optimize the EPC Gen-2 and the CDMA-based tag identification protocols.
Index Terms—Code division multiple access (CDMA), EPC Gen-2, framed ALOHA, Markov model, radio frequency identification (RFID), tag singulation.

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Informasi Detail

Judul Seri

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

No. Panggil

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Penerbit

New York : IEEE., 2014

Deskripsi Fisik

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUTOMATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, VOL. 11, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2014

Bahasa

English

ISBN/ISSN

1545-5955

Klasifikasi

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Tipe Isi

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Tipe Media

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Tipe Pembawa

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Edisi

VOL. 11, NO. 4, OCTOBER 2014

Subjek

TEKNIK

Info Detail Spesifik

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Pernyataan Tanggungjawab

Yuli/Agus

Versi lain/terkait

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