e-journal
Proficiency At Object Control Skills By Nine- To Ten-Year-Old Children In South Africa:The Nw-Child Study
Summary .— Adequate profi ciency at object control skills, which is infl uenced by biological and environmental constraints, underlies the development of more complex sport-specifi c skills. This study describes profi ciency at six object control skills and demographic correlates associated with each skill and each skill criteria in 9- to 10-year-old children who were randomly selected from 20 schools ( N = 826)and tested with the Test of Gross Motor Development–2. Cross-tabulation and hierarchical linear models were used to analyze the eff ects of sex (433 boys, 393 girls),
ethnicity (619 Black, 207 White), and high ( n = 312) and low ( n = 514) socioeconomic school environments. Twenty-three percent of the sample showed below average profi ciency. Signifi cant sex and socioeconomic school environment diff erences were found favoring boys and children from higher socioeconomic environments,although kicking showed signifi cant interaction eff ects. It is concluded that environmental opportunities are the primary cause of diff erences across skills and the rates at which the skills are learned.
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