e-journal
Some Ceilings Have More Cracks: Representative Bureaucracy in Federal Regulatory Agencies
In recent decades, representative bureaucracy has been a core area of interest, both in theory
and in practice, in public administration. The focus on representative bureaucracy is important
because the characteristics of bureaucrats influence the nature, scope, and implementation of
public policies. Integrating management literature on men and women in leadership with existing
work on representative bureaucracy, this study constructed a new data set examining the
distribution of women in leadership in 118 U.S. federal regulatory organizations. We find that
women remain underrepresented in federal regulatory agency leadership but not in the same
magnitude as in political representation and private organization leadership. Specifically, women
are expected to get into leadership positions in organizations working in “feminine” policy areas
and where a woman holds the top level of leadership. In addition, the proportion of women in
upper-level leadership positions is expected to increase in agencies with a higher likelihood of
failure when such agencies are less visible
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