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A Practical Guide to Supramolecular Chemistry
Supramolecular chemistry – the branch of chemistry associated with the formation
of complex multimolecular entities from relatively simple molecular components –
has been a major research theme over the past four decades. Researchers were
provided with a unifying vision of the field following the award of the 1987
Nobel Prize in chemistry to three of its pioneers: Jean-Marie Lehn, Donald Cram
and Charles Pedersen. Subsequently there have been a number of excellent texts on
the subject ranging from undergraduate primers and books on supramolecular
design to comprehensive works and encyclopaedias. To date the theoretical aspects
of this fascinating area of science have been well served by texts at all levels. As far
as laboratory-based supramolecular chemistry is concerned there are some edited
works in which research teams have presented the syntheses of compounds that
they pioneered. By and large the syntheses are extended forays into specific groups
of compounds which, while they are invaluable to the experienced researcher,
may seem a little daunting to the neophyte. Isolated examples of other synthetic
methods are to be found in a number of undergraduate practical guides; however,
they are rarely placed in a supramolecular context. Finally, one or two classic
syntheses of compounds, including crown ethers and calixarenes, are to be found
among the pages of the collective volumes of Organic Syntheses.
This book is intended to take the historical and theoretical background of
supramolecular chemistry into the laboratory and to be used as an entry level
synthetic guide for those with little or no prior experience in supramolecular
chemistry yet who wish to incorporate aspects of it in their own research or teaching.
It incorporates practical syntheses designed so that chemists who are not
necessarily supramolecular specialists can prepare archetypal compounds used in
supramolecular chemistry – crown ethers, podands, resorcinarenes, calixarenes
and the like – using straightforward experimental procedures. All syntheses are
simple enough to be undertaken using equipment available in most university and
college chemistry laboratories. As a result the procedures are not necessarily those
with the highest yields but those that have been ‘tried and tested’ as the most
reproducible. Techniques commonly used in the prediction and analysis of supramolecular
phenomena are also discussed with some examples described in detail.
Compounds that are prepared from directions in the text can then be used to
illustrate particular supramolecular phenomena such as clathrate formation or may
be developed further as part of the researcher’s own work. Experimental
procedures for representative ligands in each class are preceded by brief outlines of
the historical and current interest in them. Given the vast scope of contemporary
supramolecular chemistry this book cannot hope to cover every class of compound
or experimental technique of interest to the community. Many compounds were
prepared during the research for this book but failed to be included either because
the methods required specialist equipment, not always to hand in an undergraduate
laboratory, or because of complex work-up procedures. To aid in the
identification of products, the compounds described are accompanied by approximate
yield, melting point (where appropriate), infrared and 1H nuclear magnetic
resonance data. Note that most values have been rounded up or down so that
infrared data, for example, are reported generally to the nearest five wavenumbers.
As trace impurities, often solvents, can have a significant effect on spectral and
melting point values, the data reported should be used as a guide.
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