e-Handbook
The Gene Ontology Handbook
The Gene Ontology (GO) is the leading project to organize biological knowledge on genes
and their products in a formal and consistent way across genomic resources. This has had a
profound impact at several levels. First, such standardization has made possible the integration
of multiple resources and sources of knowledge, thereby increasing their discoverability
and simplifying their usage. Second, it has greatly facilitated—some might say exceedingly
so —data mining, aggregate analyses, and other forms of automated knowledge extraction.
Third, it has led to an increase in the overall quality of the resources by enforcing minimum
requirements across all of them.
Even considering these advantages, the rapid adoption of the GO in the community has
been remarkable. In the 15 years since the publication of its introductory article [ 1 ], over
100,000 scientifi c articles containing the keyword “Gene Ontology” have been published
and the rate is still increasing (Google Scholar).
However, despite this popularity and widespread use, many aspects of the Gene
Ontology remain poorly understood, at times even by experts. For instance, unbeknownst
to most users, routine procedures such as GO term enrichment analyses remain
subject to biases and simplifying assumptions that can lead to spurious conclusions.
The objective of this book is to provide a practical, self-contained overview of the GO
for biologists and bioinformaticians. After reading this book, we would like the reader to be
equipped with the essential knowledge to use the GO and correctly interpret results derived
from it. In particular, the book will cover the state of the art of how GO annotations are
made, how they are evaluated, and what sort of analyses can and cannot be done with the
GO. In the spirit of the Methods in Molecular Biology book series in which it appears, there
is an emphasis on providing practical guidance and troubleshooting advice.
The book is intended for a wide scientifi c audience and makes few assumptions about
prior knowledge. While the primary target is the nonexpert, we also hope that seasoned GO
users and contributors will fi nd it informative and useful. Indeed, we are the fi rst to admit
that working with the GO occasionally brings to mind the aphorism “the more we know,
the less we understand.”
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