Background: Hamstring injuries are the second most common injury causing missed days in professional baseball field players. Recent studies have shown the preventive benefit of eccentric conditioning on the hamstring muscle group in injury prevention. Specifically, Nordic-type exercises have been shown to decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in professional athletes. Purpose: Thi…
Background: Traumatic knee dislocation is becoming more prevalent because of improved recognition and increased exposure to high-energy trauma, but long-term results are lacking. Purpose: To present 2 cases with minimum 20-year follow-up and a review of the literature to illustrate some of the fundamental principles in the management of the dislocated knee. Study Design: Review and case repor…
Background: Repetitive tensile stresses from valgus torque can induce elbow injury in adolescent baseball players. Insufficient hip range ofmotion (ROM) can change throwingmechanics, reducing the transfer of energy from the lower to the upper extremities. Thus,hip ROM limitations may force the upper extremities to bear the burden of a strong throw. Improper pitching mechanics caused by insuffic…
Background: There has been recent interest in the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications on musculoskeletal healing. No studies have yet addressed the effect of these medications on meniscal healing. Hypothesis: The administration of ketorolac in the perioperative period will result in higher rates of meniscal repair clinical failure.Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence,…
Background: Bone block length for bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has traditionally been 25mm in length. The previous surgical technique did not require the surgeon to pay particular attention to the length of the bone block, and therefore, there is scant evidence in the literature describing ideal lengths. With the gaining popularity of acce…
Background: Hip endoscopy facilitates the treatment of extra-articular disorders of the proximal femur. Unfortunately, current knowledge of proximal femur anatomy is limited to qualitative descriptions and lacks surgically relevant landmarks. Purpose: To provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of proximal femur anatomy in reference to surgically relevant bony landmarks. Study Design: …
Background: A delay in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with an increase in the number of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. Factors that contribute to this delay have not been well described. Hypothesis: Socioeconomic and demographic factors are related to ACL surgery timing. Study Methods: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Me…
Background: Articular cartilage (AC) injuries and malformations are commonly noticed because of trauma or age-related degeneration. Many methods have been adopted for replacing or repairing the damaged tissue. Currently available AC repair methods, in several cases, fail to yield good-quality long-lasting results, perhaps because the reconstructed tissue lacks the cellular and matrix properties…
Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a well-recognized cause of elbow pain and disability in adolescent athletes. However, little is known about the prevalence of OCD in adolescent baseball players. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of OCD in baseball players aged 10 to 12 years based on ultrasonographic findings and to investigate the clinical characteristics of…
Background: Medial meniscus root tear (MMRT) is a recently recognized yet frequently missed meniscal tear pattern that biomechanically creates an environment approaching meniscal deficiency. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of MMRT on tibiofemoral kinematics and arthrokinematics during daily activities by comparing the injured knees of subjects with isolat…
Background: Little knowledge exists on postoperative recovery of pain and shoulder function following arthroscopic removal of calcific deposits of the supraspinatus tendon (ACDSSP). Certain factors may influence outcome, including acromial morphology. Purpose: To examine postoperative recovery following ACDSSP without acromioplasty and to analyze influential outcome factors. Study Design: Cas…
Background: With improved understanding of the biomechanical importance of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), its reconstruction for patellar dislocation has become increasingly popular. The aim of this systematic review was to critically determine the effectiveness of MPFL reconstruction for patellar dislocation. Hypothesis: MPFL reconstruction for patellar dislocation leads to a low …
Background: Many studies have compared the diagnostic capabilities of low-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners to high-field MRI scanners; however, few have evaluated the low-field MRI diagnoses compared with intraoperative findings. Purpose: To determine the accuracy and sensitivity of low-field MRI scanners in diagnosing lesions of the rotator cuff and glenoid labrum. Study Desig…
Background: Labral tears often occur in the same quadrant of the acetabulum at a small depression previously referred to as the psoas valley. Understanding the anatomic variations of this depression could help us understand the etiology of labral tears. Purpose: To describe the location and dimensions of the depression located in the anterosuperior acetabular rim. The hypothesis was that the l…
Background: Shoulders of throwing and swimming athletes are highly stressed joints that often show structural abnormalities on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, while water polo players exhibit a combination of throwing and swimming movements,a specific pattern of pathological findings has not been described. Purpose: To assess specific MRI abnormalities in shoulders of elite water po…
Background: There is a dearth of research on the current health of former collegiate athletes. Purpose: To examine the current health and related correlates in a cohort of former collegiate athletes who played in a diverse range of men’s and women’s sports with various levels of contact. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Former collegiate athletes (N ¼ …
Background: Specific weightbearing instructions continue to be a part of routine orthopaedic clinical practice on an injured or postoperative extremity. Researchers and clinicians have struggled to define the best weightbearing strategies to maximize clinical outcomes. Purpose: To investigate the average percentage body weight (APBW) values, weightbearing distribution percentages (WBDP),and ca…
Background: Most knee joint biomechanics studies have involved knees with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. However, a large portion of patients with injured ACLs have accompanied meniscus tearing. In this study, the in vivo alteration of knee biomechanics after tearing the ACL with or without combined medial or lateral meniscus tear was investigated during stairascending act…
Background: In Australian football, lower limb injuries have had the highest incidence and prevalence rates. Previous studies have shown that football players with relatively more severe preseason and playing season hip, groin, and thigh injuries had a significantly smaller multifidus muscle compared with players with no lower limb injuries. Rehabilitation of the multifidus muscle,with restorat…
Background: Following various types of naturally occurring traumatic injury to an articular joint, the lubricating ability of synovial fluid is impaired, with a correlated alteration in the concentration and/or structure of lubricant molecules, hyaluronan, and proteoglycan-4 (PRG4). However, the effect of arthroscopic cartilage repair surgery on synovial fluid lubricant function and composition…
Background: Many factors are believed to contribute to throwing injuries in baseball pitchers, in particular overuse and poor throwing mechanics. The impact of fatigue on pitching biomechanics in live-game situations is not well understood. Hypothesis: Pitchers will demonstrate significant deviation in their pitching motions with increasing levels of fatigue. Study Design: Descriptive laborat…
Background: Lateral meniscal tears are often seen with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and may be left in situ,repaired, or treated with meniscectomy. Clinical studies have shown good outcomes with vertical tears left in situ and poor outcomes following meniscectomy. However, clinically relevant studies are needed to establish a biomechanical foundation for treatment of these tear…
Background: Shoulder instability can cause both soft tissue injury and bone defects, requiring both computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for a thorough workup, which results in high patient costs and radiation exposure. Prior studies in cadaveric and nonclinical models have shown promise in assessing preoperative bone loss utilizing MRI. Purpose: To evaluate the utilit…
Background: Scapular kinematic movement patterns between patients with subacromial impingement and healthy controls have been extensively investigated. However, a high degree of variability has been reported in the literature pertaining to differences between these 2 groups. Purpose: To investigate the influence of subacromial pain on scapular kinematics. Study Design: Controlled laboratory s…
Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a significant injury in male National Hockey League (NHL) players. Purpose: To determine (1) the return to sport (RTS) rate in the NHL following ACL reconstruction, (2) performance on RTS, and (3)the difference in RTS and performance between players who underwent ACL reconstruction and controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evide…
Background: Professional American football is a physically demanding, high-impact sport with an elevated risk of injury. Orthopaedic injuries may impose acute, short-term or cumulative consequences throughout a player’s lifetime. Several studies have addressed health and psychosocial concerns of an older, retired population of players in the National Football League (NFL); however,minimal res…
Background: Femoroacetabular impingement is a debilitating hip condition commonly affecting athletes playing American football. The condition is associated with reduced hip range of motion; however, little is known about the range-of-motion demands of football athletes. This knowledge is critical to effective management of this condition. Purpose: To (1) develop a normative database of game-li…
Background: For competitive athletes, return to play (RTP) and return to preinjury levels of performance after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction are the main goals of surgery. Although outcomes of ACL surgery are well studied, details on factors influencing RTP in elite college football players have not been evaluated thoroughly. Purpose: To determine the rate of RTP following AC…
Background: Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is the result of a mechanical conflict in the hip joint, and its diagnosis is based on clinical and radiological parameters. To our knowledge, there are no published studies describing the radiologic characteristics of FAI in Latin American populations. Purpose: To describe the radiological features associated with FAI in an asymptomatic Chilean p…
Background: A diagnosis of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) requires careful history and physical examination, as well as an accurate and reliable radiologic evaluation using plain radiographs as a screening modality. Radiographic markers in the diagnosis of FAI are numerous and not fully validated. In particular, reliability in their assessment across health care providers is unclear. Purpo…
Background: There is a paucity of information pertaining to the pathoanatomy and treatment of symptomatic olecranon traction spurs. Purpose: To describe the pathoanatomy of olecranon traction spur formation, a technique for spur resection, and a series of patients who failed conservative care and underwent operative treatment. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Eleven …
Caring behaviors: Perceptions of acute care nurses and hospitalized patients with diabetes Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions of caring behaviors that influence the patient experience in acute care nurses and hospitalized patients with diabetes. Background: Nurses are the caregivers who render most of the direct care patients receive while they are hospitalized.…
Objective: The current status of human–robot interaction (HRI) is reviewed, and key current research challenges for the human factors community are described. Background: Robots have evolved from continuous human-controlled master–slave servomechanisms for handling nuclear waste to a broad range of robots incorporating artificial intelligence for many applications and under human supervis…
A growing body of evidence has highlighted an association between a lack of access to nutritious, affordable food (e.g.,through full-service grocery stores [FSGs]), poor diet, and increased risk for obesity. In response, there has been growing interest among policy makers in encouraging the siting of supermarkets in “food deserts,” that is, low-income geographic areas with low access to hea…
In this commentary, we use examples from West Africa to highlight how the liberalization of global agricultural trade exacerbates population health inequalities by threatening the livelihoods and food security of communities in low-income settings. We highlight the exploitative nature of trade agreements with West African countries demonstrating how these agreements disincentivize local agricul…
Inspired by Photovoice, a participatory research methodology, I WAS HERE was a photoblogging workshop in Toronto, Canada, for young mothers who, when they joined, were either homeless or had past experience of homelessness. A participatory qualitative analysis process was developed to support workshop participants in collectively conducting qualitative analysis on a selection of their photoblog…
Background/Objective: The success of unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is highly dependent on the accuracy of component and leg alignment. Computer-assisted surgery is gaining popularity in total knee arthroplasty with numerous studies reporting improved accuracy and decreased variability in implant position and postoperative limb alignment compared with conventional techniques. However,…
Background: The residual laxity after transtibial posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction has been reported by several authors. The sharp angle where the graft exits the tibial tunnel, which is known as “killer turn”, is believed to be the main reason. The purpose of this study was to reveal the mechanism of “killer turn” and its effect on both graft and tunnel inlet. Methods:…
Background/objective: In anatomic double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, it is crucial to create two separate bone tunnels within the footprints of the anterior cruciate ligament at the femur and tibia. This can occasionally be difficult to accomplish and the adverse effects of bone tunnel communication are unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of intra…
Background/objective: Tarsal tunnel syndrome is a relatively rare entrapment neuropathy with the lateral and medial plantar nerves entrapped inside of the tarsal tunnel. When conservative treatment fails, standard open decompression of the nerve can be achieved by releasing the flexor retinaculum of the foot through a several-centimetre-long skin incision made along the tarsal tunnel. By contra…
Background/objective: The Magellan Society is composed of > 150 high-volume fellowship-trained sports surgeons from four continents. These surgeons represent their regional sports organisations in travelling fellowships and are considered to be opinion leaders in their respective organisations. Prior to the 2014 Magellan Meeting in Arima, Japan, a survey was conducted to understand how Magellan…
Ankle inversion ligamentous sprain is one of the most common sports injuries. The most direct way is to investigate real injury incidents, but it is unethical and impossible to replicate on test participants. Simulators including tilt platforms, trapdoors, and fulcrum devices were designed to mimic ankle inversion movements in laboratories. Inversion angle was the only element considered in ear…
Background: Injury to the medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee joint is the most common ligament injury of the knee. Ligament healing generally takes a long time. Micro-ribonucleic acid (miRNA) is one of the noncoding RNAs and plays a crucial role in physiological function;miRNA (miR)-210 is known as a potent factor of angiogenesis, which is an important initiator of ligament healing. T…
Ligament balancing is one of the most important surgical techniques for successful total knee arthroplasty. It has traditionally been recommended that medial and lateral as well as flexion and extension gaps are equal. This article reviews the relevant literature and discusses the clinical importance of the aforementioned gaps. Current evidence indicates that achieving medial stability througho…
Patellar tendinopathy is very common in patients complaining of anterior knee pain. Its aetiology is still unclear, but neovascularisation seems to play a role. Different treatments have been proposed overtime, from rehabilitation to platelet-rich-plasma injections, but there is no agreement on the best treatment protocol. The final stage of patellar tendinopathy is patellar tendon rupture. In …
Background/objective: Rotator cuff tears are common shoulder injuries. Various forms of rotator cuff tears are observed by arthroscopy. Inverted flap tears of the rotator cuff, however, also occur. The aim of the present study was to determine the preoperative characteristics of inverted torn cuffs and clinical outcomes after arthroscopic repair. Methods: Seventeen patients (10 men, 7 women; m…
Exercise-induced leg pain is a common condition in athletes and in people involved in recreational sports. The diagnosis is not always straightforward: many conditions may cause exercise-induced leg pain. The aim of the present review is to provide a complete discussion of the most common pathologies related to this condition. Particular attention is dedicated to the history and the physical ex…
Background/objective: The purpose of this study was to elucidate the biomechanical differences between anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) grafts reconstructed by isometric and anatomic reconstruction techniques, based on their length changes. Methods: One hundred and thirty-three knees with primary ACL reconstruction using the bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) graft were retrospectively identified…
Background: Mucoid degeneration of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is mostly observed in middle-aged patients with knee pain and limited range of motion. Although arthroscopic resection of the degenerated ACL is the treatment of choice following the failure of conservative management, the extent of the excision and subsequent ACL reconstruction for postoperative knee instability remains co…
Background: This study was designed as an investigation in a local population to assess the relation between the knee joint and spinal alignment in a population-based study using the SpinalMouse. Methods: Medical check-ups were conducted for residents of a mountain village in Japan. The study population included 107 men and 157 women (528 knees) with a mean age of 71.1 ± 6.8 years (range, 60e…