Weed-Competitive Ability of Spring and Winter Cereals in the Northern Great P…

The inclusion of winter cereals in spring-annual rotations in the northern Great Plains may reduce weed populations and herbicide requirements. A broad range of spring and winter cereals were compared for ability to suppress weeds and maximize grain yield at Lacombe (2002 to 2005) and Lethbridge (2003 to 2005), Alberta, Canada. High seeding rates (≥ 400 seeds/m2) were used in all years to max…

ULTRAPETALA1 and LEAFY pathways function independently in specifying identity…

† Background and Aims: The morphological variability of the flower in angiosperms, combined with its relatively simple structure, makes it an excellent model to study cell specification and the establishment of morphogenetic patterns. Flowers are the products of floral meristems, which are determinate structures that generate four different types of floral organs before terminating. The prec…

Weed Management Strategies to Reduce Herbicide Use in Zero-Till Rice–Wheat …

In the rice–wheat (RW) systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of South Asia, conservation tillage practices, including zerotillage (ZT), are being promoted to address emerging problems such as (1) shortages of labor and water, (2) declining factor productivity, (3) deterioration of soil health, and (4) climate change. Despite multiple benefits of ZT, weed control remains a major challenge to ado…

Weed Management Practice Selection Among Midwest U.S. Organic Growers

Organic agricultural systems increase the complexity of weed management, leading organic farmers to cite weeds as one of the greatest barriers to organic production. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) systems have been developed to address the ecological implications of weeds and weed management in cropping systems, but adoption is minimal. Organic agriculture offers a favorable context for a…

Weed Ecology and Nonchemical Management under Strip-Tillage: Implications for…

In northern U.S. vegetable cropping systems, attempts at no-till (NT) production have generally failed because of poor crop establishment and delayed cropmaturity. Strip tillage (ST) minimizes these problems by targeting tillage to the zone where crops are planted whilemaintaining untilled zones between crop rows, which foster improvements in soil quality. ST has been shown to maintain crop yie…

Viability of Aquatic Plant Fragments following Desiccation

Desiccation following prolonged air exposure challenges survival of aquatic plants during droughts, water drawdowns, and overland dispersal. To improve predictions of plant response to air exposure, we observed the viability of vegetative fragments of 10 aquatic plant species (Cabomba caroliniana, Ceratophyllum demersum, Elodea canadensis, Egeria densa, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Myriophyllum he…

Towards a No-Till No-Spray Future? Introduction to a Symposium on Nonchemical…

Reduced-tillage systems including no-tillage and striptillage have well-known benefits for conserving and improving soils, protecting vulnerable crops from extreme weather events, and reducing labor and fuel costs associated with full-width inversion tillage. Despite these benefits, reduced-tillage has not been widely adopted in many cropping systems due in part to the increased difficulty of m…

Targeting Weed Seeds In-Crop: A New Weed Control Paradigm for Global Agriculture

The widespread evolution of multiple herbicide resistance in the most serious annual weeds infesting Australian cropping fields has forced the development of alternative, non-chemical weed control strategies, especially new techniques at grain harvest. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems target weed seed during commercial grain harvest operations and act to minimize fresh seed inputs to th…

Saflufenacil (KixorTM): Biokinetic Properties and Mechanism of Selectivity of…

Saflufenacil (KixorTM) is a new protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO) inhibiting herbicide for preplant burndown and selective PRE dicot weed control in multiple crops, including corn. The biokinetic properties and the mechanism of selectivity of saflufenacil in corn, black nightshade, and tall morningglory were investigated. After root treatment of plants at the third-leaf stage, the difference …

Reducing the Risks of Herbicide Resistance: Best Management Practices and Rec…

Herbicides are the foundation of weed control in commercial crop-production systems. However, herbicide-resistant (HR) weed populations are evolving rapidly as a natural response to selection pressure imposed by modern agricultural management activities. Mitigating the evolution of herbicide resistance depends on reducing selection through diversification of weed control techniques, minimizing …

Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri): A Review

In little over 20 yr, Palmer amaranth has risen from relative obscurity to its current status as one of the most widespread, troublesome, and economically damaging agronomic weeds in the southeastern U.S. Numerous factors have enabled Palmer amaranth to become such a dominant and difficult-to-control weed, including its rapid growth rate, high fecundity, genetic diversity, ability to tolerate a…

Overcoming Weed Management Challenges in Cover Crop–Based Organic Rotationa…

Cover crop–based organic rotational no-till soybean production has attracted attention from farmers, researchers, and other agricultural professionals because of the ability of this new system to enhance soil conservation, reduce labor requirements, and decrease diesel fuel use compared to traditional organic production. This system is based on the use of cereal rye cover crops that are mecha…

Modeling of Glyphosate Application Timing in Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

The introduction of herbicide-resistant crops and postemergence herbicides with a wide action spectrum shifted the research focus from how to when crops should be treated. To maximize net return of herbicide applications, the evolution of weed–crop competition over time must be considered and its effects quantified. A model for predicting the yield trend in relation to weed removal time, cons…

Manuka Oil, A Natural Herbicide with Preemergence Activity

Natural herbicides approved in organic agriculture are primarily nonselective burn-down essential oils applied POST. Multiple applications are often required due to their low efficacy. To address this problem, the in vivo herbicidal activity of manuka oil, the essential oil distilled from manuka tree (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. and G. Forst), was tested on selected broadleaf and grass weeds. W…

Light-Activated, Sensor-Controlled Sprayer Provides Effective Postemergence C…

A study was conducted in summer fallow fields near Davenport, WA, and Pendleton, OR, in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the POST weed control efficacy of herbicide treatments applied with a light-activated, sensor-controlled (LASC) sprayer compared to the broadcast application of glyphosate. The LASC application of glyphosate alone (at all rates) and in mixture with pyrasulfotole plus bromoxynil or 2…

High Seed Retention at Maturity of Annual Weeds Infesting Crop Fields Highlig…

Seed production of annual weeds persisting through cropping phases replenishes/establishes viable seed banks from which these weeds will continue to interfere with crop production. Harvest weed seed control (HWSC) systems are now viewed as an effective means of interrupting this process by targeting mature weed seed, preventing seed bank inputs. However, the efficacy of these systems is dire…

Herbicides as Probes in Plant Biology

Herbicides are small molecules that inhibit specific molecular target sites within plant biochemical pathways and/or physiological processes. Inhibition of these sites often has catastrophic consequences that are lethal to plants. The affinity of these compounds for their respective target sites makes them useful tools to study and dissect the intricacies of plant biochemical and physiological …

Herbicide Resistance: Toward an Understanding of Resistance Development and t…

Development of herbicide-resistant crops has resulted in significant changes to agronomic practices, one of which is the adoption of effective, simple, low-risk, crop-production systems with less dependency on tillage and lower energy requirements. Overall, the changes have had a positive environmental effect by reducing soil erosion, the fuel use for tillage, and the number of herbicides with …

Hand Pulling Following Mowing and Herbicide Treatments Increases Control of S…

Extensive areas in the upper Midwest have been invaded by spotted knapweed, and effective management strategies are required to reestablish native plant communities. We examined effects of mowing, mowing plus clopyralid, or mowing plus glyphosate in factorial combination with hand pulling and burning on knapweed abundances on a knapweed-infested site in western Michigan. We applied mowing and h…

Growth of Tropical Bracken (Pteridium arachnoideum): Response to Weather Vari…

The ecology of tropical bracken, which occurs in tropical regions, is not well known. We studied its response to weather variations and burning in the south Ecuadorian Andes, where this weed had already overgrown 40% of the pastureland. In field observations, a constant 1 : 1 ratio of emerging and dying leaves suggested limitation of frond density by nutrient shortage. Short-term deviations fro…

Grassland Response to Herbicides and Seeding of Native Grasses 6 Years Posttr…

Herbicides are the primary method used to control exotic, invasive plants. This study evaluated restoration efforts applied to grasslands dominated by an invasive plant, sulfur cinquefoil, 6 yr after treatments. Of the five herbicides we evaluated, picloram continued to provide the best control of sulfur cinquefoil over 6 yr. We found the timing of picloram applications to be important to the n…

Glyphosate-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) Populations also Exhib…

Resistance to glufosinate has been confirmed in glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass populations collected in hazelnut orchards in Oregon. Dose–response, ammonia accumulation, and enzyme activity studies were conducted to test the sensitivity of three glyphosate-resistant and three susceptible Italian ryegrass populations to glufosinate. The glufosinate rates required to reduce the growth by…

Glyphosate Resistance in a Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Biotype from Arka…

Johnsongrass is one of the most troublesome weeds of the world and is listed as a noxious weed in Arkansas. Reduced johnsongrass control with the recommended application rate of glyphosate (840 g ae ha21) was reported in a continuous soybean field near West Memphis, AR, in the fall of 2007. A greenhouse study was conducted (1) to confirm and characterize glyphosate resistance in the johnsongras…

First-Year Establishment, Biomass and Seed Production of Early vs. Late Seral…

Re-seeding efforts to restore or rehabilitate Great Basin rangelands invaded by exotic annual grasses are expensive and have generally achieved limited success. There is a need to identify new strategies to improve restoration outcomes. We tested the performance of a native early seral seed mix (annual forbs, early seral grasses and shrubs) with that of a native late seral mix representative of…

Extreme Grain-Based Cropping Systems: When Herbicide-Free Weed Management Mee…

The challenges associated with the adoption of conservation tillage and/or low-input cropping systems, whether organic or herbicide-free, across Canada are shaped by scale, environment, and local practices. A study in eastern Canada captured the challenges of introducing low-input cropping systems in mature (20þ yr) tillage treatments in a barley/red clover/corn/soybean rotation. Each mature t…

Evolution of Resistance to Auxinic Herbicides: Historical Perspectives, Mecha…

Auxinic herbicides are widely used for control of broadleaf weeds in cereal crops and turfgrass. These herbicides are structurally similar to the natural plant hormone auxin, and induce several of the same physiological and biochemical responses at low concentrations. After several decades of research to understand the auxin signal transduction pathway, the receptors for auxin binding and resul…

Evaluating Restoration Methods across a Range of Plant Communities Dominated …

Prairies are imperiled habitats, with remnants being generally small and often existing in isolation. Invasive plants have the potential to invade not just the edge of small remnants but also the interior because smaller remnants experience greater edge effects than do large, contiguous prairies. Additionally, invasive plants limit recruitment of native plants, which can arrest secondary succes…

European Perspectives on the Adoption of Nonchemical Weed Management in Reduc…

Noninversion tillage with tine- or disc-based cultivations prior to crop establishment is the most common way of reducing tillage for arable cropping systems with small grain cereals, oilseed rape, and maize in Europe. However, new regulations on pesticide use might hinder further expansion of reduced-tillage systems. European agriculture is asked to become less dependent on pesticides and prom…

Effect of Nitrogen Addition and Weed Interference on Soil Nitrogen and Corn N…

Weeds cause crop loss indirectly by reducing the quantity of resources available for growth. Quantifying the effects of weed interference on nitrogen (N) supply, crop growth, and N nutrition may assist in making both N and weed management decisions. Experiments were conducted to quantify the effect of N addition and weed interference on soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) over time and the dependence of cor…

Cover Crops for Weed Management in Southern Reduced-Tillage Vegetable Croppin…

With growing agricultural demands from both conventional and organic systems comes the need for sustainable practices to ensure long-term productivity. Implementation of reduced- or no-till practices offers a number of environmental benefits for agricultural land and maintains adequate yield for current and future production. Concerns over satisfactory pest control options, particularly weed co…

Correlation of Chemical Analysis of Residual Levels of Aminocyclopyrachlor in…

Researchers, product registration personnel, and growers desire the ability to chemically detect residual amounts of herbicides in soil at concentrations below those necessary to cause phytotoxicity to sensitive nontarget or rotational crop plants. Alfalfa, cotton, soybean, and sunflower, crops sensitive to low concentrations of aminocyclopyrachlor in soil, were planted at field test sites appr…

Corallita (Antigonon leptopus): Intentional Introduction of a Plant with Docu…

Corallita (Antigonon leptopus) is a perennial vine, lauded as an ornamental for its vigorous growth, and plentiful (usually) pink flowers, and even its ability to smother unsightly landscapes. In the United States it thrives in horticultural zones 8 to 10, and also is successfully grown worldwide in tropical climates. When corallita is neglected, it can grow quickly over other vegetation, sprea…

Review: Confirmation of Resistance to Herbicides and Evaluation of Resistance…

As cases of resistance to herbicides escalate worldwide, there is increasing demand from growers to test for weed resistance and learn how to manage it. Scientists have developed resistance-testing protocols for numerous herbicides and weed species. Growers need immediate answers and scientists are faced with the daunting task of testing an increasingly large number of samples across a variety …

Bioenergy and Invasive Plants: Quantifying and Mitigating Future Risks

The United States is charging toward the largest expansion of agriculture in 10,000 years with vast acreages of primarily exotic perennial grasses planted for bioenergy that possess many traits that may confer invasiveness. Cautious integration of these crops into the bioeconomy must be accompanied by development of best management practices and regulation to mitigate the risk of invasion posed…

Beach Vitex (Vitex rotundifolia): An Invasive Coastal Species

Beach vitex is a salt-tolerant, perennial, invasive shrub that has naturalized in coastal areas of the southeastern United States. Since its introduction in the 1980s, this Pacific Rim native has invaded many fragile beach-dune ecosystems along the Mid-Atlantic, Southern Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico. Large-scale monocultures of beach vitex supplant native species through rapid vegetative reprod…

Assessing and Visualizing Agricultural Management Practices: A Multivariable …

Agroecosystems are inherently complex, and practices aimed at managing one component of the system can have unintended consequences for other components of the system. Management decisions, therefore, can be improved by assessing and understanding the multivariate nature of agricultural systems and the multifunctional character of particular agricultural management practices. The act of simult…

A Glyphosate-Resistant Biotype of Annual Bluegrass in Tennessee

Glyphosate is regularly used to control annual bluegrass populations in dormant bermudagrass turf. A population of annual bluegrass not controlled by glyphosate at 840 g ha-1 (glyphosate resistant, GR) was identified on a golf course in Humboldt, TN in 2010. Mature tillers of GR plants were established in a greenhouse and treated with glyphosate at 0, 210, 420, 840, 1,680, 3,360, and 6,720 g ha…

A Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) Population Resistant to 2,4-D

A waterhemp population from a native-grass seed production field in Nebraska was no longer effectively controlled by 2,4-D. Seed was collected from the site, and dose-response studies were conducted to determine if this population was herbicide resistant. In the greenhouse, plants from the putative resistant and a susceptible waterhemp population were treated with 0, 18, 35, 70, 140, 280, 560, …

Pest and Pathogen Control: Strategic, Tactical and Policy Models

This contributed book applies mathematical models and systems analysis techniques to the study of insect pests, plant pathogens, and human diseases. The research programmes of over 40 scientists from aU over the world are compared and contrasted in detail to provide a stateof-the-art review on how such modelling can increase the effectiveness of more traditional ecological, biological, and chem…

The Sustainable Provision of Environmental Services: From Regulation to Innov…

Edisi

-

ISBN/ISSN

978-3-319-19345-8

Deskripsi Fisik

-

Judul Seri

CSR, Sustainability, Ethics & Governance

No. Panggil

-

Herbicides, Physiology of Action, and Safety

Herbicides are one of the most widely used groups of pesticides worldwide for controlling weedy species in agricultural and non-crop settings. Due to the extensive use of herbicides and their value in weed management, herbicide research remains crucial for ensuring continued effective use of herbicides while minimizing detrimental effects to ecosystems. Presently, a wide range of research conti…

How to create a new Vegetable Garden: Producing a beautiful and fruitful gard…

As the veg specialist on Which? Gardening, when off ering advice to readers, I found that the hardest question to answer was “I want to grow vegetables; how do I start?” I’ve started three allotments myself over the years, and watched many novices start out enthusiastically but fail to make a go of it. This book would surely have made a diff erence. How many of us set out with good i…

Cyclohexanone/sulfonated polymer catalyst: a new simple derivatizing procedur…

Assessment of contamination of foods with monochloropropanediols (MCPD) and subsequent mitigation of their formation is an important current issue of a global food security. Methods for the determination of 2- or 3-MCPD in foods at low µg/kg levels require analyte derivatization prior to gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) determination. All existing methods suffer from various dr…

The installation of underground pipelines: effects on soil properties

Since the 1970s a network of underground pipes, up to 1200 mm diameter, has been installed in the UK to transmit crude oil to refineries and gas from onshore terminals for distribution. Chosen routes are subject to significant constraints. Current techniques for pipe installation involve topsoil removal and storage. Trench depth is set to allow a cover of 1200 mm overburden after pipes have …

Season and drought stress mediate growth and weight of the green spruce aphid…

1 The most important defoliating pest of Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis in the U.K. is the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum. This aphid species is expected to respond to a predicted increase in the incidence of spring–summer drought events, with serious implications for growth of infested spruce plants and control of the pest. 2 Growth rate, adult weight and nymph weight of E. abietin…

Does Agriculture Really Matter for Economic Growth in Developing Countries?

This paper revisits the debate on the role of agriculture in promoting economic growth in a selection of nine developing countries.We investigated the causal linkages between agriculture and gross domestic product growth with the aid of directed acyclic graphs, a recently developed algorithm of inductive causation. The results suggest that while agriculture could be an engine of economic gro…

Dial “A” for agriculture: a review of information and communication techn…

Agriculture can serve as an important engine for economic growth in developing countries, yet yields in these countries have lagged far behind those in developed countries for decades. One potential mechanism for increasing yields is the use of improved agricultural technologies, such as fertilizers, seeds, and cropping techniques. Public sector programs have attempted to overcome information-r…

Agricultural Policies and Structural Change in French Dairy Farms: A Nonstati…

The aim of this paper is to gain an understanding into how agricultural policies have affected structural change in the French dairy sector. A nonstationary Markov model is estimated using a Generalized Cross Entropy approach. Results show that while the price of cow’s milk encourages farm growth, direct payments and quota restriction favor small farms. The price signal is a key factor of …

Photosynthesis and growth in diverse willow genotypes

During a study of the contribution of photosynthetic traits to biomass yield among 11 diverse species of willow, the light and CO 2 dependence of photosynthesis were found to differ, with absolute rates at ambient and saturating CO 2 , together with maximum rates of Rubsico-limited and electron-transportlimited photosynthesis ( V cmax and J , respectively) varying by factors in excess of 2…

Sweet sorghum ideotypes: genetic improvement of the biofuel syndrome

Compared to other potential feedstocks such as sugarcane, sugar beet, maize, and watermelon, sweet sorghum possesses higher levels of directly fermentable reducing sugars within the culm and the ability to accumulate high biomass under low-input production systems. In addition, it is tolerant to drought and has more efficient utilization of solar radiation and nitrogen-based fertilizers than ma…