Plant Physiology, Development and Metabolism

Edisi

-

ISBN/ISSN

9789811320231

Deskripsi Fisik

634 hlm

Judul Seri

-

No. Panggil

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Crop physiology: Applications for genetic improvement and agronomy

As a consequence of the success of post-World War II agriculture, particularly in western Europe, many in affluent societies have taken food for granted for decades. We lack historical perspective to conclude that the gap between the world demand and supply of food is widening or otherwise. Nonetheless, the recent debate on this gap and the role of research and development in agriculture is a…

Principles of Tropical Agronomy

This book is concerned with the principles by which crop management can influence how plants use environmental resources. It deals with the biological processes that operate in the links between management, the physical environment and agricultural vegetation. It also seeks to identify general principles that operate across tropical species, cropping systems and environments. The purpose of …

Functional characterization of terpene synthases and chemotypic variation in …

Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. subsp. lusitanica, Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas and Lavandula viridis l’Hér. are three lavender taxa that belong to the botanical section Stoechas and are widely used as aromatherapy, culinary herb or folk medicine in many Mediterranean regions. The analysis of their bioactive volatile constituents revealed the presence of 124 substances, the most …

Plant Biochemistry [PART 2]

This textbook is written for students and is the product of more than three decades of my teaching experience. It intends to give a broad but concise overview of the various aspects of plant biochemistry, including molecular biology. I have attached importance to an easily understood description of the principles of metabolism but also have restricted the content in such a way that a student is…

Plant Biochemistry [PART 1]

This textbook is written for students and is the product of more than three decades of my teaching experience. It intends to give a broad but concise overview of the various aspects of plant biochemistry, including molecular biology. I have attached importance to an easily understood description of the principles of metabolism but also have restricted the content in such a way that a student is…

Introduction to Plant Physiology [PART 2]

When the first edition of this text appeared thirteen years ago, its writing was guided by several of objectives. • The text should be suited for a semester course for undergraduate students encountering the subject of plant physiology for the first time. It was assumed that the student would have completed a first course in botany or biology with a strong botanical component. The book sho…

Introduction to Plant Physiology [PART 1]

When the first edition of this text appeared thirteen years ago, its writing was guided by several of objectives. • The text should be suited for a semester course for undergraduate students encountering the subject of plant physiology for the first time. It was assumed that the student would have completed a first course in botany or biology with a strong botanical component. The book sho…

The impact of extensive clonal growth on fine-scale mating patterns: a full p…

† Background and Aims: The combination of clonality and a mating system promoting outcrossing is considered advantageous because outcrossing avoids the fitness costs of selfing within clones (geitonogamy) while clonality assures local persistence and increases floral display. The spatial spread of genetically identical plants (ramets) may, however, also decrease paternal diversity (the numb…

The folate precursor para-aminobenzoic acid elicits induced resistance agains…

† Background and Aims: The use of vitamins including vitamin B1, B2 and K3 for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to protect crops against plant pathogens has been evaluated previously. The use of vitamins is beneficial because it is cost effective and safe for the environment. The use of folate precursors, including ortho-aminobenzoic acid, to induce SAR against a soft-rot …

The evolution of floral nectaries in Disa (Orchidaceae: Disinae): recapitulat…

† Background and Aims: The Orchidaceae have a history of recurring convergent evolution in floral function as nectar production has evolved repeatedly froman ancestral nectarless state.However, orchids exhibit considerable diversity in nectary type, position and morphology, indicating that this convergence arose from alternative adaptive solutions. Using the genus Disa, this study asks wheth…

The endangered Iris atropurpurea (Iridaceae) in Israel: honey-bees, night-she…

† Background and Aims: The coastal plain of Israel hosts the last few remaining populations of the endemic Iris atropurpurea (Iridaceae), a Red List species of high conservation priority. The flowers offer no nectar reward. Here the role of night-sheltering male solitary bees, honey-bees and female solitary bees as pollinators of I. atropurpurea is documented. † Methods: Breeding syste…

The diversity, ecology and evolution of extrafloral nectaries: current perspe…

† Background: Plants in over one hundred families in habitats worldwide bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs display a remarkable diversity of evolutionary origins, as well as diverse morphology and location on the plant. They secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich food that attracts ants and other arthropods, many of which protect the plant in return. By fostering ecologically …

The cortical cytoskeletal network and cell-wall dynamics in the unicellular c…

† Background and Aims: Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular charophycean green alga with a unique bi-directional polar expansion mechanism that occurs at the central isthmus zone prior to cell division. This entails the focused deposition of cell-wall polymers coordinated by the activities of components of the endomembrane system and cytoskeletal networks. The goal of this study was to eluc…

The cell wall pectic polymer rhamnogalacturonan-II is required for proper pol…

† Background and Aims: Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is one of the pectin motifs found in the cellwall of all land plants. It contains sugars such as 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid (Dha) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), and within thewall RG-II is mostly found as a dimer via a borate diester cross-link.To date, little is knownregarding the biosynthesis of this mot…

The barley MATE gene, HvAACT1, increases citrate efflux and Al3+ tolerance wh…

† Background and Aims: Aluminium is toxic in acid soils because the soluble Al3+ inhibits root growth.Amechanism of Al3+ tolerance discovered in many plant species involves the release of organic anions fromroot apices. The Al3+ - activated release of citrate from the root apices of Al3+ -tolerant genotypes of barley is controlled by a MATE gene named HvAACT1 that encodes a citrate transpor…

The Arabidopsis thaliana FASCICLIN LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 4 gene acts s…

† Background and Aims: The putative FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 4 (At-FLA4) locus of Arabidopsis thaliana has previously been shown to be required for the normal growth of wild-type roots in response to moderately elevated salinity. However, the genetic and physiological pathway that connects At-FLA4 and normal root growth remains to be elucidated. † Methods: The radial swel…

Testing the ontogenetic base for the transient model of inflorescence develop…

† Backgrounds and Aims: Current research in plant science has concentrated on revealing ontogenetic processes of key attributes in plant evolution. One recently discussed model is the ‘transient model’ successful in explaining some types of inflorescence architectures based on two main principles: the decline of the so called ‘vegetativeness’ (veg) factor and the transient nature of…

Structures formed by a cell membrane-associated arabinogalactan-protein on gr…

† Background: Certain membrane-associated arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) with lysine-rich sub-domains participate in plant growth, development and resistance to stress. To complement fluorescence imaging of such molecules when tagged and introduced transgenically to the cell periphery and to extend the groundwork for assessing molecular structure, some behaviours of surface-spread AGPs were…

Strigolactones activate different hormonal pathways for regulation of root de…

† Background: Strigolactones (SLs) – a group of plant hormones and their derivatives – have been found to play a role in the regulation of root development, in addition to their role in suppression of lateral shoot branching: they alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation, and SL signalling is necessary for the root response to low phosphate (Pi) conditions. These effects …

Specificity of extrafloral nectar induction by herbivores differs among nativ…

† Background and Aims: Invasive plants can be released from specialist herbivores and encounter novel generalists in their introduced ranges, leading to variation in defence among native and invasive populations. However, fewstudies have examined how constitutive and induced indirect defences change during plant invasion, especially during the juvenile stage. † Methods: Constitutive e…

Species coherence in the face of karyotype diversification in holocentric org…

† Background and Aims: The sedge genus Carex, the most diversified angiosperm genus of the northern temperate zone, is renowned for its holocentric chromosomes and karyotype variability. The genus exhibits high variation in chromosome numbers both among and within species. Despite the possibility that this chromosome evolution may play a role in the high species diversity of Carex, populatio…

Spatial patterns of photosynthesis in thin- and thick-leaved epiphytic orchid…

† Background and Aims: A positive correlation between tissue thickness and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) expression has been frequently suggested. Therefore, this study addressed the question of whether water availability modulates photosynthetic plasticity in different organs of two epiphytic orchids with distinct leaf thickness. † Methods: Tissue morphologyand photosyntheticmod…

Soybean leaf hydraulic conductance does not acclimate to growth at elevated […

† Background and Aims: Leaf hydraulic properties are strongly linked with transpiration and photosynthesis in many species. However, it is not known if gas exchange and hydraulics will have co-ordinated responses to climate change. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in Glycine max (soybean) to growth at elevated [CO2] and incre…

SNARE VTI13 plays a unique role in endosomal trafficking pathways associated …

† Background and Aims: Root hairs are responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil and their growth is responsive to biotic and abiotic changes in their environment. Root hair expansion is a polarized process requiring secretory and endosomal pathways that deliver and recycle plasma membrane and cell wall material to the growing root hair tip. In this paper, the role of VTI13 (A…

Similar variation in carbon storage between deciduous and evergreen treeline …

† Background and Aims: The most plausible explanation for treeline formation so far is provided by the growth limitation hypothesis (GLH), which proposes that carbon sinks are more restricted by low temperatures than by carbon sources. Evidence supporting the GLH has been strong in evergreen, but less and weaker in deciduous treeline species. Here a test is made of the GLH in deciduous–ev…

Silica nanoparticles aid in structural leaf coloration in the Malaysian tropi…

† Background and Aims: Blue-green iridescence in the tropical rainforest understorey sedge Mapania caudata creates structural coloration in its leaves through a novel photonic mechanism. Known structures in plants producing iridescent blues consist of altered cellulose layering within cell walls and in special bodies, and thylakoid membranes in specialized plastids. This study was undertake…

Significant involvement of PEP-CK in carbon assimilation of C4 eudicots

† Background and Aims: C4 eudicot species are classified into biochemical sub-types of C4 photosynthesis based on the principal decarboxylating enzyme. Two sub-types are known, NADP-malic enzyme (ME) and NAD-ME; however, evidence for the occurrence or involvement of the third sub-type (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PEP-CK) is emerging. In this study, the presence and activity of PEP-CK …

Seeing the forest through the trees: comprehensive inference on individual ma…

† Background and Aims: Sexual reproduction is one of the most important moments in a life cycle, determining the genetic composition of individual offspring. Controlled pollination experiments often show high variation in the mating system at the individual level, suggesting a persistence of individual variation in natural populations. Individual variation in mating patterns may have signifi…

Seed development and maturation in early spring-flowering Galanthus nivalis a…

† Background and Aims: Seeds of the moist temperate woodland species Galanthus nivalis and Narcissus pseudonarcissus, dispersed during spring or early summer, germinated poorly in laboratory tests. Seed development and maturation were studied to better understand the progression from developmental to germinable mode in order to improve seed collection and germination practices in these and s…

Secreted pitfall-trap fluid of carnivorous Nepenthes plants is unsuitable for…

† Background and Aims: Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes possess modified leaves that form pitfall traps in order to capture prey, mainly arthropods, to make additional nutrients available for the plant. These pitchers contain a digestive fluid due to the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, the composition of the digestive fluid was further analysed with regard to mineral…

Seasonal and inter-annual variability of bud development as related to climat…

† Background and Aims: In trees, bud development is driven by endogenous and exogenous factors such as species and climate, respectively. However, knowledge is scarce on how these factors drive changes in bud size across different time scales. † Methods: The seasonal patterns of apical bud enlargement are related to primary and secondary growth in two coexisting Mediterranean oaks wit…

Root–root interactions: extending our perspective to be more inclusive of t…

† Background: There is a large body of literature on competitive interactions among plants, but many studies have only focused on above-ground interactions and little is known about root–root dynamics between interacting plants. The perspective on possible mechanisms that explain the outcome of root–root interactions has recently been extended to include non-resource-driven mechanisms (a…

Root–shoot allometry of tropical forest trees determined in a large-scale a…

† Background and Aims: This study is a first step in a multi-stage project aimed at determining allometric relationships mong the tropical tree organs, and carbon fluxes between the various tree parts and their environment. Information on canopy–root interrelationships is needed to improve understanding of above- and below ground processes and for modelling of the regional and global carbo…

Root iron plaque formation and characteristics under N2 flushing and its effe…

† Background and Aims: Anoxic conditions are seldom considered in root iron plaque induction of wetland plants in hydroponic experiments, but such conditions are essential for root iron plaque formation in the field. Although ferrous ion availability and root radial oxygen loss capacity are generally taken into account, neglect of anoxic conditions in root iron plaque formation might lead t…

Root cortical burden influences drought tolerance in maize

† Background and Aims: Root cortical aerenchyma (RCA) increases water and nutrient acquisition by reducing the metabolic costs of soil exploration. In this study the hypothesis was tested that living cortical area (LCA; transversal root cortical area minus aerenchyma area and intercellular air space) is a better predictor of root respiration, soil exploration and, therefore, drought toleranc…

Responses of root architecture development to low phosphorus availability: a …

† Background: Phosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant growth and development but it is often a limiting nutrient in soils. Hence, P acquisition from soil by plant roots is a subject of considerable interest in agriculture, ecology and plant root biology. Root architecture, with its shape and structured development, can be considered as an evolutionary response to scarcity of resour…

Response of millet and sorghum to a varying water supply around the primary a…

† Background and Aims: Cereals have two root systems. The primarysystem originates fromthe embryowhenthe seed germinates and can support the plant until it produces grain. The nodal system can emerge from stem nodes throughout the plant’s life; its value for yield is unclear and depends on the environment. The aim of this studywas to test the role of nodal roots of sorghum and millet in p…

Resin secretory structures of Boswellia papyrifera and implications for frank…

† Background and Aims: Frankincense, a gum-resin, has been tapped from Boswellia papyrifera trees for centuries. Despite the intensive tapping and economic interest of B. papyrifera, information on the resin secretory structures, which are responsible for synthesis, storage and transport of frankincense, is virtually absent. This study describes the type, architecture and distribution of r…

Regulatory roles of phosphoinositides in membrane trafficking and their poten…

† Background: Plant cell walls are complex matrices of carbohydrates and proteins that control cell morphology and provide protection and rigidity for the plant body. The construction and maintenance of this intricate system involves the delivery and recycling of its components through a precise balance of endomembrane trafficking, which is controlled by a plethora of cell signalling factors…

Regulation of soybean seed germination through ethylene production in respons…

† Background and Aims: Despite their toxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles in plant cell signalling pathways, such as mediating responses to stress or infection and in programmed cell death, at lower levels. Although studies have indicated that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes seed germination of several plants such as Arabidopsis, barley, wheat, rice and sunflower, t…

Recovery and fine structure variability of RGII sub-domains in wine (Vitis vi…

† Background and Aims: Rhamnogalacturonan II (RGII) is a structurally complex pectic sub-domain composed of more than 12 different sugars and 20 different linkages distributed in five side chains along a homogalacturonan backbone. Although RGII has long been described as highly conserved over plant evolution, recent studies have revealed variations in the structure of the polysaccharide. Thi…

Quantitative imaging of rhizosphere pH and CO2 dynamics with planar optodes

† Background and Aims: Live imaging methods have become extremely important for the exploration of biological processes. In particular, non-invasive measurement techniques are key to unravelling organism–environment interactions in close-to-natural set-ups, e.g. in the highly heterogeneous and difficult-to-probe environment of plant roots: the rhizosphere. pH and CO2 concentration are the…

Programmed cell death promotes male sterility in the functional dioecious Opu…

† Background and Aims: The sexual separation in dioecious species has interested biologists for decades; however, the cellular mechanism leading to unisexuality has been poorly understood. In this study, the cellular changes that lead to male sterility in the functionally dioecious cactus, Opuntia stenopetala, are described. † Methods: The spatial and temporal patterns of programmed ce…

Pollinator-mediated competition between two co-flowering Neotropical mangrove…

† Background and Aims: Three ecological relationships are possible between co-flowering plant species; they may have no effect on one another, compete for pollination services, or facilitate one another by attracting more pollinators to the area. In this study, the pollinator-mediated relationship between two mangrove species with overlapping flowering phenologies was investigated in one so…

Plastid DNA sequencing and nuclear SNP genotyping help resolve the puzzle of …

† Background and Aims: Recent research on the history of Platanus reveals that hybridization phenomena occurred in the central American species. This study has two goals: to help resolve the evolutive puzzle of central American Platanus, and to test the potential of real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detecting ancient hybridization. † Methods: Sequencing of a uniparental pl…

Plasticity of rhizosphere hydraulic properties as a key for efficient utiliza…

† Background: It is known that the soil near roots, the so-called rhizosphere, has physical and chemical properties different from those of the bulk soil. Rhizosphere properties are the result of several processes: root and soil shrinking/swelling during drying/wetting cycles, soil compaction by root growth, mucilage exuded by root caps, interaction of mucilage with soil particles, mucilage…

Plant hormones in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses: an emerging role for gibb…

† Background and Aims: Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses are important for nutrient acquisition in >80% of terrestrial plants. Recently there have been major breakthroughs in understanding the signals that regulate colonization by the fungus, but the roles of the known plant hormones are still emerging. Here our understanding of the roles of abscisic acid, ethylene, auxin, strigolactones, sal…

Phylogeography and seed dispersal in islands: the case of Rumex bucephalophor…

† Background and Aims: Rumex bucephalophorus subsp. canariensis is an endemic taxon to Macaronesia with diaspore polymorphism. The origin and colonizing route of this taxon in Macaronesia was studied using molecular data and information on diaspore types. † Methods: Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was used in 260 plants from 22 populations of R. bucephalophorus subsp. can…

Phylogeny of the cycads based on multiple single-copy nuclear genes: congruen…

† Background and aims: Despite a recent new classification, a stable phylogeny for the cycads has been elusive, particularly regarding resolution of Bowenia, Stangeria and Dioon. In this study, five single-copy nuclear genes (SCNGs) are applied to the phylogeny of the order Cycadales. The specific aim is to evaluate several gene tree–species tree reconciliation approaches for developing …