Provably Secure Integrated On/Off-Line Electronic Cash for Flexible and Effic…

Due to the ubiquity of the Internet and wireless networks, the development of electronic commerce is growing up rapidly. Many payment mechanisms, such as electronic cash (e-cash), credit cards, and electronic wallets, for electronic transactions have been proposed. Especially, e-cash has become popular since it can fully protect the privacy of customers in various electronic transactions. In g…