• How have sociologists theorized and researched mental health and illness? • In what ways do sociologists approach this topic differently to those from other disciplines? • How do we understand mental health problems in their social context? This bestselling book provides a clear overview of the major aspects of the sociology of mental health and illness, and helps students to devel…
Summary .— The goal of this study was to investigate diff erences in physical activity (PA) levels between early, average, and late maturing boys and the eff ect of chronological age, body mass index, and fat mass. PA was measured by accelerometry in 10–14-yr.-old boys ( N = 265) during seven consecutive days. Biological maturation groups (early, average, and late) were created. Average an…
Summary .— There have been ongoing debates as to whether the syllable frequency eff ect is dependent purely on phonological representation or is also aff ected by the orthographic representation of the syllable. In two experiments, the authors investigated the eff ect of the phonologic and orthographic frequencies on the syllable frequency eff ect by manipulating the fi rst syllable's phonolo…
Summary .— Previous research has indicated that exercise can lead to decreased depression symptoms. The relationship of depression with right frontal lobe activity and self-image (body, eating, and exercise) were investigated as reasons why depressive symptoms might lead to decreased exercise. 120 college students (79 women) completed design fl uency tasks followed by a set of questionnaires…
Summary .— The purpose of this study was to translate and culturally adapt the Sensory Profi le (SP), which is used to measure sensory processing abilities of children ages of 3–10 years, and test its reliability and validity for use with Turkish children with autism. A cross-cultural adaptation process was carried out by bilingual experts, following typical guidelines. The test-retest rel…
Summary .— This study examined whether parental attachment mediates the relationship between parental social support and self-esteem in Korean middle and high school athletes. 591 sports athletes attending middle and high schools that specialize in sport volunteered. Parental social support and parental attachment had a signifi cant positive eff ect on self-esteem; parental attachment had a g…
Summary .— This study evaluated whether the judogi colour (blue or white)could infl uence a combat outcome (victory or defeat) in 1,233 judo offi cial combats. Sex, age group, and level of competition were also considered in the analysis. Binomial probability tests showed a higher probability of an athlete's winning a combat wearing blue judogi for both sexes, levels of competition (regional …
An article published by Suminski, Wasserman, Mayfi eld, and Mc-Clain in the August 2013 issue of Perceptual & Motor Skills highlighted the infl uence of adult perceptions about environmental infl uence on physical activity. Interviews with both women and men between the ages of 18 and 91 years provided self-reported information about their own physical activities in their neighborhoods, as wel…
Summary .— Current accounts of the Ebbinghaus illusion emphasize either size contrast or contour interaction processes. To assess these alternatives, four variants of the Ebbinghaus fi gure were constructed using 1, 5, 9, or 13 small circles dispersed along the perimeter of larger contextual circles. 30 observers ranked the perceived size of the central circles and a single control circle. Th…
Summary .— This study identifi ed several physiological indices that can accurately monitor mental workload while participants performed multiple tasks with the strategy of maintaining stable performance and maximizing accuracy. Thirty male participants completed three 10-min. simulated multitasks: MATB (Multi- Attribute Task Battery) with three workload levels. Twenty-fi ve commonly used men…
Summary .— This study assessed whether video self-modeling improves running performance and infl uences the rate of perceived exertion and heart rate response. Twelve men ( M age = 26.8 yr., SD = 6; M body mass index = 22.1 kg.m –2 , SD = 1) performed a time to exhaustion running test at 100 percent maximal aerobic velocity while focusing on a video self-modeling loop to synchronize their …
Summary.—The goal was to study reaction time and maximal velocity of upper limbs of healthy young adults of both sexes during transition from a simple to a more involved task. Performance of dominant and non-dominant arms was recorded. Participants were 43 healthy, right-handed, untrained men (n = 22) and women (n = 21),18–22 years old. The simple task required a single jerk-like movement. …
Summary .— According to social cognitive theory, group cohesion and selfeffi cacy have been identifi ed as important environmental and individual elements in students’ physical activity. This study examined the correlations among group cohesion, exercise self-effi cacy, perceived interest, and physical activity among 143 le college students ( M age = 21.2 yr., SD = 4.2) enrolled in aerobic…
Summary.—This study examined choking in basketball by identifying the effects of game outcome and situational variables during the last 5 min. and overtimes of close games. The sample consisted of two 5 min. segments (last 5 min. of the game, n = 147, of which 97 did not go into overtime; 5 min. of overtime, n = 50) drawn from 147 games from the Spanish Professional Basketball League (2007 to…
Summary .— This cross-sectional study examined fundamental movement skill competency among deprived preschool children in Northwest England and explored sex diff erences. A total of 168 preschool children (ages 3–5 yr.) were included in the study. Twelve skills were assessed using the Children's Activity and Movement in Preschool Motor Skills Protocol and video analysis. Sex diff erences we…
Summary .— The present study examined human-computer interactions in which the operator has to detect errors made by software designed to automatically recognize technical documents. The goal was to assess the eff ect of user-initiated interruptions of the recognition process to correct these errors. Participants were asked to check the interpretations, either with or without the possibility …
Summary .— This study assessed the concurrent and construct validity of the Borg 6–20 Scale and WHEEL Scale during arm ergometry exercise stress testing in ( n = 24) adolescents and adults with spina bifi da. Signifi cant, moderate, positive correlations were observed between power output and relative heart rate and power output to relative VO 2 peak. Further, a moderate, signifi cant corre…
Summary .— Sensory information from the environment is used for body orientation and maintaining posture for eff ective movement, and the eff ects of specifi c senses on orientation and posture can be tested by removing input. In the present study, fi eld dependence was used to evaluate the importance of vision in the perception of verticality when an upside-down posture was adopted under wat…
Summary .— Visual fi xation patterns were analyzed to gain insight into developmental changes in attention allocation in a cross-modal task. Two patterns that have been associated with increased task diffi culty, gaze aversion and fi xation duration,were recorded using an eye-tracker. In this exploratory study, 37 elementary age children ( M age 7–10 yr.) and 23 undergraduates engaged in vi…
Summary .— The motor skill required to decrease the variability in muscle force steadiness can be challenging. The purposes of this study were to determine whether muscle force steadiness improved following repeated trials and whether the number of trials varied for healthy younger adults, healthy older adults, and older adults who have fallen to obtain stable muscle force steadiness measure…
Summary .— This study investigated the postural response of kayakers and rowers to imposed optic fl ow. The athletes, with experience in unstable water environments,should have a specifi c postural response to optic fl ow. 12 male participants with kayaking and rowing experience and 12 with no specifi c sports experience were asked to stand still with and without room motion. This study varie…
Summary .— Currently, almost all online materials use hyperlinks to provide users access to background, supplemental, or alternative information presented in context, greatly increasing the potential integration of information. However, a major problem is that people do not navigate hyperlinks eff ectively when the links become more topologically complex. Thus, identifi cation of the variable…
Summary .— The goal was to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using intentional guidance to teach to discriminate between good and bad circumstances to shoot in basketball. A simulated shot-adequacy learning task was developed,in which participants were asked to decide, in each trial, whether the player in possession of the ball should shoot or not. After each decision, they receive…
Summary .— Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway hyper-reactivity,infl ammation, and obstruction. Asthma is also a leading cause of school absenteeism,and thus of concern to physical educators and health professionals. The purpose of this study was to assess aerobic performance by children with and without asthma. All participants were tested on the Progressive Aerobic Car…
Summary .— The purpose of this study was to examine the predictors and trends of gross motor skills in children from low-income families. The participants were 1,460 children ( M age = 8.39 yr., SD = 1.83; K–6th grade) recruited from three Title I schools. The Test of Gross Motor Development–2nd Edition (TGMD–2) assessed motor skills, FITNESSGRAM assessed health-related fi tness, and pe…
Summary .— When navigating, people tend to overestimate distances when routes contain more turns, termed the route-angularity eff ect . Three experiments examined the source and generality of this eff ect. The fi rst two experiments examined whether route-angularity eff ects occur while viewing maps and might be related to sex diff erences or sense of direction. The third experiment tested wh…
Summary .— Anticipation is informed by experience. Having focused on action eff ects in the past will lead to diff erences when the focus is now on the eff ector. Boules-type throwing movements were presented as point-light displays of shoulder and arm-markers. Activation in motor-related areas measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging was compared between two tasks: Task A anticipa…
Summary .— Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, the present study investigated how listening to diff erently valenced music is associated with changes in hemoglobin concentrations in the prefrontal cortex area, indicating changes in neural activity. Thirty healthy people (15 men; M age = 24.8 yr., SD = 2.4; 15 women; M age = 25.2 yr., SD = 3.1) participated. Prefrontal cortex activati…
Summary .— Markey, Chin, Vanepps, and Loewenstein (2014 ) demonstrated six methods for the induction of boredom. However, a clear and testable defi nition of boredom should be established prior to experimental manipulation of the construct. Defi ning boredom from a functional emotion perspective is one approach that aff ords a defi nition separable from the outcomes associated with boredom an…
Summary .— Listening to music during strength workouts has become a very common practice. The goal of this study was to assess the eff ect of listening to self-selected music on strength performances. Thirty-one resistance-trained men ( M age = 24.7 yr., SD = 5.9; M height = 178.7 cm, SD = 4.7; M body mass = 83.54 kg,SD = 12.0) were randomly assigned to either a Music group ( n = 19) or to a…
Summary .— Evidence suggests that task-based training approaches can improve the performance of children with handwriting diffi culties. The present case study tests the effi cacy of the Handwriting Task Program (HTP). Three male children (9–10 yr. old) with poor handwriting skills and diff erent developmental disorders participated in the HTP, twice per week, for 13 wk. Handwriting legibi…
Summary .— This study provided validity evidence for the Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire (GSLTPAQ) to classify respondents into active and insuffi ciently active categories. Members of a fi tness center [45 women and 55 men; mean ( SD ) age = 45.5 (10.6) yr.] completed the questionnaire. Using only moderate and strenuous scores, those with a leisure score index ≥…
Summary .— The aim of this study was to investigate the eff ect of proprioception on working memory. It was also of interest whether an acute and highly intensive period of exercise would yield working memory gains. The training group completed a series of proprioceptively demanding exercises. There were also control classroom and yoga groups. Working memory was measured using a backward dig…
Summary .— This study assessed the relative age eff ect (RAE) in judo athletes who participated in the Olympic Games from 1964 to 2012. The names and birthdates of the Olympic judo athletes were collected from open-access websites. Data from male ( n = 1,762) and female ( n = 665) competitors were analyzed separately. Chi-squared tests were performed to investigate REA in medalists, and by w…
Background: Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD) is a traction apophysitis of the tibial tuberosity. Ultrasonography (US) is able to detect pathologic changes, such as cartilage swelling and fragmentation of the tibial tubercle ossification center. Purpose: To compare the US stages of tibial tuberosity development and the physical features and prevalence of OSD in this patient cohort. Study Design:…
Background: Several previous investigations have determined potential risk factors for stress fractures in athletes and military personnel. Purpose: To determine factors associated with the development of stress fractures in female athletes. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 88 female athletes (cross-country, n ¼ 29; soccer, n ¼ 15; swimming, n ¼ …
Background: There are limited data on injuries sustained during men’s lacrosse. As the sport gains popularity, practitioners will be more likely to treat lacrosse players. Purpose: To analyze data from the 2010 World Lacrosse Championships. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: This was a prospective observational study of injuries reported during the 2010 World Lacrosse C…
Background: Superficial skin injuries are considered minor, and their incidence is probably underestimated. Insight into the incidence and mechanism of acute skin injury can be helpful in developing suitable preventive measures and safer playing surfaces for soccer and other field sports. Purpose: To gain insight into the incidence and severity of skin injuries related to soccer and to describ…
Background: Tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) is performed in a predominantly young and often female population due to the prevalence of patellofemoral disorders in this group. While considered a procedure that falls within the realm of sports surgeries,the procedure can carry significant morbidity, including infection, fracture, and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). The incidence of postoperative DVT …
Background: Single-leg balance (SLB) can be chronically impaired after low back pain (LBP). Impaired SLB is a risk factor for recurrent LBP and lower extremity injury. In the United States military, the special forces operator (SFO) deploys on high-risk missions under extreme conditions, and impaired SLB can potentially threaten SFO safety and mission success. Purpose: To compare SLB in fully …
Background: Hamstring injuries are the second most common injury causing missed days in professional baseball field players. Recent studies have shown the preventive benefit of eccentric conditioning on the hamstring muscle group in injury prevention. Specifically, Nordic-type exercises have been shown to decrease the incidence of acute hamstring injuries in professional athletes. Purpose: Thi…
Background: Traumatic knee dislocation is becoming more prevalent because of improved recognition and increased exposure to high-energy trauma, but long-term results are lacking. Purpose: To present 2 cases with minimum 20-year follow-up and a review of the literature to illustrate some of the fundamental principles in the management of the dislocated knee. Study Design: Review and case repor…
Background: Repetitive tensile stresses from valgus torque can induce elbow injury in adolescent baseball players. Insufficient hip range ofmotion (ROM) can change throwingmechanics, reducing the transfer of energy from the lower to the upper extremities. Thus,hip ROM limitations may force the upper extremities to bear the burden of a strong throw. Improper pitching mechanics caused by insuffic…
Background: There has been recent interest in the effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications on musculoskeletal healing. No studies have yet addressed the effect of these medications on meniscal healing. Hypothesis: The administration of ketorolac in the perioperative period will result in higher rates of meniscal repair clinical failure.Study design: Cohort study; Level of evidence,…
Background: Bone block length for bone–patellar tendon–bone (BPTB) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has traditionally been 25mm in length. The previous surgical technique did not require the surgeon to pay particular attention to the length of the bone block, and therefore, there is scant evidence in the literature describing ideal lengths. With the gaining popularity of acce…
Background: Hip endoscopy facilitates the treatment of extra-articular disorders of the proximal femur. Unfortunately, current knowledge of proximal femur anatomy is limited to qualitative descriptions and lacks surgically relevant landmarks. Purpose: To provide a quantitative and qualitative analysis of proximal femur anatomy in reference to surgically relevant bony landmarks. Study Design: …
Background: A delay in pediatric and adolescent anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is associated with an increase in the number of concomitant meniscal and chondral injuries. Factors that contribute to this delay have not been well described. Hypothesis: Socioeconomic and demographic factors are related to ACL surgery timing. Study Methods: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Me…
Background: Articular cartilage (AC) injuries and malformations are commonly noticed because of trauma or age-related degeneration. Many methods have been adopted for replacing or repairing the damaged tissue. Currently available AC repair methods, in several cases, fail to yield good-quality long-lasting results, perhaps because the reconstructed tissue lacks the cellular and matrix properties…
Background: Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum is a well-recognized cause of elbow pain and disability in adolescent athletes. However, little is known about the prevalence of OCD in adolescent baseball players. Purpose: To determine the prevalence of OCD in baseball players aged 10 to 12 years based on ultrasonographic findings and to investigate the clinical characteristics of…
Background: Medial meniscus root tear (MMRT) is a recently recognized yet frequently missed meniscal tear pattern that biomechanically creates an environment approaching meniscal deficiency. Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of MMRT on tibiofemoral kinematics and arthrokinematics during daily activities by comparing the injured knees of subjects with isolat…