Bolstered physical defences under nutrient-enriched conditions may facilitate…

1. Humans have a long history of changing species’ ranges and habitat distributions, making studies of the ecological processes that may facilitate these changes of key importance, particularly in cases where a primary foundation species is replaced by another, less desirable species. 2. We investigated the impact of nutrients and herbivory on Turbinaria ornata, a secondary foundational …

Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants

1. Plants use light as a source of both energy and information. Plant physiological responses to light, and interactions between plants and animals (such as herbivory and pollination), have evolved under a more or less stable regime of 24-h cycles of light and darkness, and, outside of the tropics, seasonal variation in day length. 2. The rapid spread of outdoor electric lighting across t…

Plant and insect microbial symbionts alter the outcome of plant–herbivore�…

1. Understanding how soil microbial communities influence plant interactions with other organisms, and how this varies with characteristics of the interacting organisms, is important for multiple systems. Solanum spp. are a suitable model for trophic interactions in studies of agricultural and natural systems and can also provide useful corollaries in invaded systems. This study examined the…

Fungal effects on plant–plant interactions contribute to grassland plant ab…

1. Plant–fungal interactions can have strong effects on plant abundances, both through direct effects on plant performance and indirect effects on competition and facilitation. Most evidence linking fungi to plant abundances derives from direct fungal effects on initial growth, with little evidence linking fungal effects on plant–plant interactions in intact communities to plant abundanc…

The reciprocal relationship between competition and intraspecific trait varia…

1. Trait differences among plants are expected to influence the outcome of competition; competition should be strongest between similar species (or individuals) under limiting similarity, and between dissimilar species within competitive hierarchies. These hypotheses are often used to infer competitive dynamics from trait patterns within communities. However, plant traits are frequently plas…

Browsing by an invasive herbivore promotes development of plant and soil comm…

1. Invasive herbivores can strongly affect ecosystems by reducing or removing native plant species, and early in primary successions they could have enduring consequences for plant community assembly and ecosystem functioning, although this has seldom been explored. Invasive brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) browse from ground levels to forest canopies in New Zealand, including on p…

Roles of pathogens on replacement of tree seedlings in heterogeneous light en…

1. In forest communities, the Janzen–Connell (J-C) hypothesis proposes that species diversity is maintained by non-competitive distance- and/or density-dependent seedling mortality caused by host-specific natural enemies. However, the effects of pathogen associations from nearby conspecifics versus heterospecifics remain unknown in spatially heterogeneous light environments. 2. Seeds o…

So close and yet so far away: long-distance dispersal events govern bryophyte…

1. Metapopulation dynamics have been used to explain bryophyte dispersal patterns and they predict that population abundances vary with the spatial distribution of habitat and with species traits. However, results from stand and landscape studies are contradictory as both distance-dependent and distance- independent patterns have been found. These studies have typically included only a few …

Invasion status and phylogenetic relatedness predict cost of heterospecific p…

1. Understanding the mechanisms by which invasive species affect native plants is a central challenge. Invasive plants have been shown to reduce pollinator visitation to natives and increase pollen quantity limitation. However, visitation and conspecific pollen delivery are the only two components of the pollination process; post-pollination interactions on the stigma (heterospecific pollen …

Quercus suber dieback alters soil respiration and nutrient availability in Me…

1. An increase in tree mortality rates has been recently detected in forests world-wide. However, few works have focused on the potential consequences of forest dieback for ecosystem functioning. 2. Here we assessed the effect of Quercus suber dieback on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in two types of Mediterranean forests (woodlands and closed forests) affected by the aggressive p…

Context-dependent changes in the functional composition of tree communities a…

1. Land-use change can modify the functional composition of tree communities, which is an essential determinant of the ecosystem functions. The lack of consensus about the functional responses of tree communities to land-use change is a major uncertainty in the assessments of human impacts on terrestrial ecosystem functions. 2. In this study, we applied a machine-learning method to a larg…

The expansion of urbanisation in the Balearic Islands (1956–2006)

Since the mid-20th century the Balearic Islands have experienced significant changes as a result of their incorporation into the global economy as a mass tourism destination. The expansion of urbanisation has become a main change, given that the archipelago’s urbanised surface has increased fivefold since 1956. The territory of the islands has been organised internally to meet the demands…

Informal governance through patron–client relationships and destructive fis…

Efforts to preserve fragile ecosystems that focus on removing human intervention from the environment risk ignoring the political and social systems underlying environmentally destructive economic activities. In contrast, a biocultural diversity perspective allows for environmental protection to be approached with sensitivity to human needs. This paper explores the case of Karanrang Island,…

Ensuring food security in the small islands of Maluku: A community genebank a…

As a province composed of hundreds of small islands, Maluku is highly susceptible to decreasing biodiversity of plant resources for agriculture. Pressures from pests and disease infestations, difficulty of seed storage, market demands for specific cultivars, and the introduction of new superior varieties are decreasing crop and plant genetic diversity and will impact the food security in th…

At the edge: Heritage and tourism development in Vietnam’s Con Dao archipelago

This article outlines the development of Vietnam’s Con Dao archipelago (and Con Son island in particular) as tourism destinations since the formal reunification of Vietnam in 1975. In particular it examines the nature of the area’s two main tourism attractions, Con Son’s prison sites and memorials and the archipelago’s natural environment, and how these have been marketed to and exp…

A capital-based framework for assessing coastal and marine social–ecologica…

Human behavior and the environment interact reciprocally. It is necessary to understand social and ecological systems as an integrated co-evolving social–ecological system (SES) to reveal why an environment is in its current condition and how humans have impacted upon and been influenced by the dynamics of natural system. Many societies in coastal and marine SESs rely on marine natural ca…

Geodiversity and geotourism utilization of islands: Gwanmae Island of South K…

The island area has well preserved geodiversity and biodiversity due to minimal exposure to humans. UNESCO has maintained things and sites with geological importance as geoheritage. Although a number of natural heritages and national parks exist on ‘geological’ bases, geodiversity concepts are less concerned about biodiversity due to a lack of recognition. Recently, geotourism linked to…

Towards an ecosystem approach to small island fisheries: A preliminary study …

The Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) is a holistic one as EAF considers all species as important elements within the eco-system. An EAF requires that community and ecosystem structure should be maintained by harvesting fish communities in proportion to their natural productivity, thereby sustaining the balance of species and sizes in a community. This article draws from research on the…

Biocultural diversity of Yakushima Island: Mountains, beaches, and sea

Yakushima Island, which has been designated a Biosphere Reserve and World Heritage Site, has rich biodiversity and a culture that depends on the local ecosystem. The biodiversity of this island is characterized by a unique biota because the island is located at a biogeographic boundary. The inhabitants revere nature and use natural resources from the sea, lowlands, and mountains. They have …

The use of the Maori language in species nomenclature

The Linnaean system has a set of rules governing botanical nomenclature, zoological nomenclature and bacteriological nomenclature for the scientific naming of species. These set the principles, rules and standards with which authors should comply with when naming new species. In Aotearoa/New Zealand (ANZ), the knowledge and taxonomic systems of Maori (the indigenous people) have largely be…

Biocultural diversity conservation for island and islanders: Necessity, goal …

Cultural diversity is highly dependent on the regional environment and natural resources. From an environmental historical perspective, the course of destruction of human civilization resulting from the depletion of ecosystems and resources, we confirm how the sustainable use of resources and appropriate conservation strategies are contributing to regional development. Due to the recent rap…

Human influence, regeneration, and conservation of the Gotjawal forests in Je…

Gotjawal, a uniquely formed forest vegetation on the lava terrain located at eastern and western parts of Jeju Island, covers 6% of the island’s land surface. The Gotjawal forests play important roles in establishing the biological and cultural diversity while maintaining ecosystem services. Recently, with the recognition of the diverse ecological and cultural values of the Gotjawal fores…

Ecology of ancient Tank Cascade Systems in island Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has vast dry low-lying plains irrigated using traditional micro-(or meso-) watershed management system referred to as the Tank Cascade System (TCS). We discuss the implications of this irrigation system which include the development of lowland paddy (Oryza sativa L.) farming. In addition, the TCS has retarded negative consequences from chronic and recurrent droughts, seasonal flooding…

Diversity of Ecosystems

The ecosystems present a great diversity worldwide and use various functionalities according to ecologic regions. In this new context of variability and climatic changes, these ecosystems undergo notable modifications amplified by domestic uses of which it was subjected to. Indeed the ecosystems render diverse services to humanity from their composition and structure but the tolerable levels ar…

A model-based approach to studying changes in compositional heterogeneity

1. Non-random species loss and gain in local communities change the compositional heterogeneity between communities over time, which is traditionally quantified with dissimilarity-based approaches. Yet, dissimilarities summarize the multivariate species data into a univariate index and obscure the species-level patterns of change, which are central to understand the causes and consequences of …

The causes of selection on flowering time through male fitness in a hermaphro…

Flowering is a key life-history event whose timing almost certainly affects both male and female fitness, but tests of selection on flowering time through male fitness are few. Such selection may arise from direct effects of flowering time, and indirect effects through covariance between flowering time and the environment experienced during reproduction. To isolate these intrinsically correlate…

Creating vegetation density profiles for a diverse range of ecological habita…

1. Vegetation structure is an important determinant of species habitats and diversity. It is often represented by simple metrics, such as canopy cover, height and leaf area index, which do not fully capture three-dimensional variations in density. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) is a technology that can better capture vegetation structure, but methods developed to process scans have been biase…

The guardians of inherited oncogenic vulnerabilities

Similar to seemingly maladaptive genes in general, the persistence of inherited cancer-causing mutant alleles in populations remains a challenging question for evolutionary biologists. In addition to traditional explanations such as senescence or antagonistic pleiotropy, here we put forward a new hypothesis to explain the retention of oncogenic mutations. We propose that although natural defens…

Incomplete specimens in geometric morphometric analyses

1. The analysis ofmorphological diversity frequently relies on the use ofmultivariate methods for characterizing biological shape. However, many of these methods are intolerant of missing data, which can limit the use of rare taxa and hinder the study of broad patterns of ecological diversity and morphological evolution. This study applied a mutli-data set approach to compare variation in missi…

Congruence test of molecular clock calibration hypotheses based on Bayes fact…

1. Molecular clock calibration is a crucial step for placing phylogenetic trees in the temporal framework required to test evolutionary hypotheses and estimate evolutionary rates. In general, most authors agree that the best approach is to incorporate multiple calibrations to avoid the risk of bias associated with a single dating source. However, the indiscriminate inclusion of as many calibrat…

POPGENREPORT: simplifying basic population genetic analyses in R

1. Using scripting languages such as R to perform population genetic analyses can improve the reproducibility of research, but usingRcan be challenging for many researchers due to its steep learning curve. 2. POPGENREPORT is a new R package that simplifies performing population genetics analyses in R, through the use of a new report-generating function. The function POPGENREPORT allows use…

Coral—the world’s most diverse symbiotic ecosystem

Zooxanthellate corals (i.e. those harbouring Symbiodinium) are the main builders of the world’s shallow-water marine coral reefs. They represent intimate diverse symbioses between coral animals, single-celled photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.), other microscopic eukaryotes, prokaryotes and viruses. Crabs and other crustaceans, worms, sponges, bivalves and hydrozoans, fishe…

Evidence of land-sea transfer of the zoonotic pathogen Campylobacter to a wil…

Environmental pollution often accompanies the expansion and urbanization of human populations where sewage and wastewaters commonly have an impact on the marine environments. Here, we explored the potential for faecal bacterial pathogens, of anthropic origin, to spread to marine wildlife in coastal areas. The common zoonotic bacterium Campylobacter was isolated from grey seals (Halichoerus …

Assessing Symbiodinium diversity in scleractinian corals via next-generation …

The persistence of coral reef ecosystems relies on the symbiotic relationship between scleractinian corals and intracellular, photosynthetic dinoflagellates in the genus Symbiodinium. Genetic evidence indicates that these symbionts are biologically diverse and exhibit discrete patterns of environmental and host distribution. This makes the assessment of Symbiodinium diversity critical to un…

Formalizing the definition of meta-analysis in Molecular Ecology

Meta-analysis, the statistical synthesis of pertinent literature to develop evidence-based conclusions, is relatively new to the field of molecular ecology, with the first metaanalysis published in the journal Molecular Ecology in 2003 (Slate & Phua 2003). The goal of this article is to formalize the definition of meta-analysis for the authors, editors, reviewers and readers of Molecular Ecolog…

Hive-stored pollen of honey bees: many lines of evidence are consistent with …

Honey bee hives are filled with stored pollen, honey, plant resins and wax, all antimicrobial to differing degrees. Stored pollen is the nutritionally rich currency used for colony growth and consists of 40–50% simple sugars. Many studies speculate that prior to consumption by bees, stored pollen undergoes long-term nutrient conversion, becoming more nutritious ‘bee bread’ as microbes pre…

Ten years of transcriptomics in wild populations: what have we learned about …

Molecular ecology has moved beyond the use of a relatively small number of markers, often noncoding, and it is now possible to use whole-genome measures of gene expression with microarrays and RNAseq (i.e. transcriptomics) to capture molecular response to environmental challenges. While transcriptome studies are shedding light on the mechanistic basis of traits as complex as personality or phys…

Distinctive Bacterial Communities in the Rhizoplane of Four Tropical Tree Spe…

Abstract It is known that the microbial community of the rhizosphere is not only influenced by factors such as root exudates, phenology, and nutrient uptake but also by the plant species. However, studies of bacterial communities associated with tropical rainforest tree root surfaces, or rhizoplane, are lacking. Here, we analyzed the bacterial community of root surfaces of four species of nat…

Variations in Reactive Oxygen Release and Antioxidant Activity in Multiple Sy…

Abstract As ocean temperatures rise, investigations into what the physiological effects will be on the symbiotic microalga Symbiodinium, and how these may play into the cnidarian bleaching response, have highlighted the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies have laid this groundwork using a limited number of Symbiodinium phylotypes, and so this study aims to expand …

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Associated with Ancient Clones of Creoso…

Abstract Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are common components of the rhizosphere, but their role in adaptation of plants to extreme environments is not yet understood. Here, we examined rhizobacteria associated with ancient clones of Larrea tridentata in the Mohave desert, including the 11,700-year-old King Clone, which is oldest known specimen of this species. Analysis of uncul…

Microcystis Genotype Succession and Related Environmental Factors in Lake Tai…

Abstract From spring to autumn, heavy Microcystis blooms always occur in Lake Taihu, although environmental conditions vary markedly. We speculated that Microcystis genotype succession could play an important role in adaptation to environmental changes and long-term maintenance of the high Microcystis biomass. In this study, we investigated Microcystis genotype succession pattern and the rel…

Free Tropospheric Transport of Microorganisms from Asia to North America

Abstract Microorganisms are abundant in the troposphere and can be transported vast distances on prevailing winds. This study measures the abundance and diversity of airborne bacteria and fungi sampled at the Mt. Bachelor Observatory (located 2.7 km above sea level in North America) where incoming free tropospheric air routinely arrives from distant sources across the Pacific Ocean, including…

Evidence that Northern Pioneering Pines with Tuberculate Mycorrhizae are Unaf…

Abstract Tuberculate mycorrhizae on Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) have previously been shown to reduce acetylene, but an outstanding question has been to what degree these structures could meet the nitrogen requirements of the tree. We compared the growth, tissue nitrogen contents, and stable nitrogen isotope ratios of P. contorta growing in gravel pits to the same species growing on adja…

Ecophysiology of an Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon Adapted to Low-Salinity Habitats

Abstract Ammonia oxidation in marine and terrestrial ecosystems plays a pivotal role in the cycling of nitrogen and carbon. Recent discoveries have shown that ammoniaoxidizing archaea (AOA) are both abundant and diverse in these systems, yet very little is known about their physiology. Herewe report a hysiological analysis of a novel low-salinitytype AOA enriched from the San Francisco Bay e…

Bacterial Communities Associated with Production Facilities of Two Newly Dril…

Abstract We monitored the bacterial communities in the gas–water separator and water storage tank of two newly drilled natural gas wells in the Barnett Shale in north central Texas, using a 16S rRNA gene yrosequencing approach over a period of 6 months. Overall, the communities were composed mainly of moderately halophilic and halotolerant members of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria…

Temporal Patterns in Appearance of Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Apples

Abstract Sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) is a complex of about 80 fungal species that blemish the surface of apple fruit in humid regions worldwide. The dark colonies become visible in mid- to late summer, educing the value of fresh fruit. Although many SBFS species can co-occur in the same orchard and even on the same apple, little is known about temporal patterns of these species, includin…

Increased Diversity of Fungal Flora in the Vagina of Patients with Recurrent …

Edisi

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ISBN/ISSN

1432-184X

Deskripsi Fisik

Microb Ecol (2012) 64:918–927 DOI 10.1007/s00248-012-0084-0

Judul Seri

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No. Panggil

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The Relative Abundance of Mountain Pine Beetle Fungal Associates Through the …

Abstract The mountain pine beetle (MPB) is a native bark beetle of western North America that attacks pine tree species, particularly lodgepole pine. It is closely associated with the ophiostomatoid ascomycetes Grosmannia clavigera, Leptographium longiclavatum, Ophiostoma montium, and Ceratocystiopsis sp.1, with which it is symbiotically associated. To develop a better understanding of int…

Detrital Floc and Surface Soil Microbial Biomarker Responses to Active Manage…

Abstract Alterations in microbial community composition, biomass, and function in the Florida Everglades impacted by cultural eutrophication reflect a new physicochemical environment associated with monotypic stands of Typha domingensis. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) biomarkers were used to quantify microbial responses in detritus and surface soils in an active management experiment in the …

Algal Exudates and Stream Organic Matter Influence the Structure and Function…

Abstract Within aquatic ecosystems, periphytic biofilms can be hot spots of denitrification, and previous work has suggested that algal taxa within periphyton can influence the species composition and activity of resident denitrifying bacteria. This study tested the hypothesis that algal species composition within biofilms influences the structure and function of associated denitrifying ba…