Abstract It is suggested that the specific capacitanceC0 of activated carbons at lowcurrent densities (d∼1mAcm−2) consists, to a good first approximation, of two contributions. For theH2SO4 electrolyte they correspond to approximately 0.080 Fm−2 from the total accessible surface area and an additional pseudo-capacitance of 63 F mmol−1 from the surface species generating CO in thermally…
A B S T R A C T A study of the incorporation of bromine in activated carbons showed that highly reactive bromine facilitated a charge transfer reaction with the host carbon leading to lateral structural disordering, formation of polybromide compounds, reduction of BET surface area by preferential micropore filling and a net increase (over 100%) in the gravimetric and volumetric electrochem…
a b s t r a c t This paper presents the results from the investigation of the influence of ion size on the capacitance behaviour of TiC-derived carbon (CDC) powders in the ethyl-methylimmidazolium-bis(trifluoromethane- sulfonyl)imide ionic liquid (EMI, TFSI) used as neat electrolyte at 60 ◦C or as salt dissolved in acetonitrile and tested at room temperature. These studies were carried ou…
Abstract Four square centimeter carbon–carbon supercapacitor cells were assembled with Al current collectors in organic electrolyte. Different treatments of the Al current collectors were made in order to increase the supercapacitor performances. A sol–gel deposit of a conducting carbonaceous material led to the best results. On the basis of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measureme…
a b s t r a c t The activated carbon with honeycomb-like morphology for electrochemical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) was prepared from wheat straw by carbonization and subsequent activation with KOH. The product presented micro- and mesoporous structure with the peak pore size of 2.1 nm and high specific surface area of 2316 m2/g. The electrochemical capacitance performances of the activ…
Abstract Interesting carbon materials with a highly ordered porous structure, including micro- and mesopores, were successfully prepared by a templating procedure using an organized mesoporous silica (type MCM-48) as template and various carbon precursors (propylene, sucrose or pitch). The carbon material is obtained by introducing the carbon precursor by means of two different routes (liquid …
Abstract Activated carbon/carbon nanotube composite electrodes have been assembled and tested in organic electrolyte (NEt4BF4 1.5 M in acetonitrile). The performances of such cells have been compared with pure activated carbon-based electrodes. CNTs content of 15 wt.% seems to be a good compromise between power and energy, with a cell series resistance of 0.6 V cm2 and an active material capac…
a b s t r a c t The accelerated degradation of carbon based supercapacitors utilizing 1MEt4NBF4 in acetonitrile and in propylene carbonate as electrolyte is investigated for a constant cell voltage of 3.5V as a function of the positive over total electrode mass ratio. The degradation rate of the supercapacitor using acetonitrile as a solvent can be decreased by increasing the mass of the posi…
a b s t r a c t Polypyrrole (PPy)/carbon aerogel (CA) composite materials with different PPy contents are prepared by chemical oxidation polymerization through ultrasound irradiation and are used as active electrode material for supercapacitor. The morphology of PPy/CA composite is examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show th…
a b s t r a c t Properties of capacitors working with the same carbon electrodes (activated carbon cloth) and three types of electrolytes: aqueous, organic and ionic liquids were compared. Capacitors filled with ionic liquids worked at a potential difference of 3.5 V, their solutions inANand PC were charged up to the potential difference of 3 V, classical organic systems to 2.5V and aqueous t…
a b s t r a c t Electrochemical power sources that offer high energy and power densities and, can also withstand a harsh temperature range have become extremely desirable in applications ranging from civilian portable electronic devices to militaryweapons. In this report,we demonstrated a wide temperature withstanding supercapacitor which can be operated from 100 ◦C to −40 ◦C within a…
a b s t r a c t Mesoporous carbon (MoC), prepared by the template method from phenol resin, commercial mesoporous carbon fiber (ACF) and microporous activated carbon (MiC) were heat-treated under 1200 ◦C in nitrogen. The samples before and after high temperature heat treatment (HTT) were used as electrodes in 30% KOH electrolyte for supercapacitor. The structure and electrochemical proper…
Abstract The performance of a newly designed, polyaniline–activated carbon, hybrid electrochemical capacitor is evaluated. The capacitor is prepared by using polyaniline as a positive electrode and activated carbon as a negative electrode. From a constant charge–discharge test, a specific capacitance of 380 F g -1 is obtained. The cycling behaviour of the hybrid electrochemical cap…
a b s t r a c t The specific capacitance of the MWCNTs was improved by the addition of an electrochemically active compound (indigo carmine) to an electrolyte generally used in electric double layer capacitors. The pseudocapacitive contribution of the IC trebled the specific capacitance values of the MWCNTs at low current densities (from 17 Fg−1 to 50 Fg−1). The good resistance obtained f…
a b s t r a c t Cylindrical carbon monoliths of 7mmin diameter and certain heights (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5mm) are studied as model electrodes for supercapacitors. The monoliths show a narrow microporous structure with average micropore size of 0.73nmand specific surface area of 1086m2 g−1. The monoliths show straight walls and channels, both arranged along the cylinder axis. The former account …
Abstract The energy storage of activated carbon modified with a semiconducting oxide TiO2 is studied. The composite was prepared by mixing nanosize TiO2 and activated carbon through a means of ultrasonic vibration in ethanol solution for 30 min. It was found that with modification of TiO2, the specific capacitance of activated carbon measured at 0.65 mA/cm2 was increased from 47.2 to 63.1 F g�…
a b s t r a c t Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in a non-aqueous electrolyte, 1M Et4NBF4 in acetonitrile, suitable for supercapacitors. Further, in situ dilatometry and in situ conductance measurements were performed on single electrodes and the resultscompared to an activated carbon, YP17. Both material…
Abstract The electrochemical energy storage and delivery on the electrodes composed of hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuOx·nH2O) or activated carbon–hydrous ruthenium oxide (AC–RuOx) composites are found to strongly depend on the substrate employed. The contact resistance at the active material–graphite interface is much lower than that at the active material–stainless steel (SS) mesh inter…
a b s t r a c t α-MnO2 has been made using a solid state synthesis and the specific surface area then modified through milling. The formation of α-MnO2 (specific surface area 96m2 g−1) has been studied by SEM and powder XRD prior to milling. Electrode films (cast using MnO2, graphite and PVDF) have been investigated using N2 sorption at 77K and show a more complex relationship than thei…
Abstract An electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) was fabricated with the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to the polarizable electrodes to act as a conducting material. This EDLC showed a low equivalent series resistance of 2.5 Ω. This value was lower than that of an EDLC fabricated with the addition of acetylene black, which is widely used in commercial EDLCs. Keywords: Electric double…
Abstract Activated carbons were prepared from almond tree pruning by non-catalytic and catalytic gasification with carbon dioxide and their surface characteristics were investigated. In both series a two-stage activation procedure (pyrolysis at 800 8C in nitrogen atmosphere, followed by carbon dioxide activation) was used for the production of activated samples. In non-catalytic gasification, …
Abstract We present, for the first time, a new material of symmetric electrochemical supercapacitor in which zinc oxide (ZnO) with carbon aerogel (CA) was used as active material. Physical properties of ZnO/CA composite were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that ZnO has single hexagonal structure and the grain size increases with inc…
a b s t r a c t A novel, hybrid supercapacitor is fabricated with Li2FeSiO4 (LFSO) as the negative electrode and activated carbon (AC) as the positive electrode in a standard, non-aqueous 1.0M LiPF6-EC/DMC electrolyte. The electrochemical properties of the LFSO/AC hybrid supercapacitor are investigated by means of cyclic voltammetry (CV), charge/discharge (C/D) measurement and electrochemic…
a b s t r a c t In this study, an activated carbon with high-surface area was prepared from Paulownia (P. tomentose) wood by chemical activation with ZnCl2. The influences of carbonization temperature and impregnation ratio on the pore structure of the activated carbon were investigated. Activation temperatures and impregnation ratios were selected in the range of 400–700 0C and 0.5–4.0…
a b s t r a c t A series of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) have been prepared by a combination of soft-templating and post activation. As evidenced by N2 sorption tests, the pristine mesopores were basically preserved and micropores were generated on the mesopore wall of mesoporous carbon (MC). The micropore generation on the mesoporous skeleton can be controlled by simply adjusting the…
a b s t r a c t Nano-sized manganese oxide (Mn2O3) was incorporated homogeneously in templated mesoporous carbon to prepare Mn2O3–carbon nanocomposites, which were used as supercapacitor electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the composite materials in an aqueous electrolyte under different scan rates. Results showed that templated mes…
a b s t r a c t Durian peel was used for the synthesis of activated carbon used for adsorption of Basic Green 4 dye. Activated carbon was synthesised under either nitrogen (N2) atmospheric or vacuum pyrolysis, followed by carbon dioxide (CO2) activation. The synthesised activated carbon then was treated with hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution. The results showed that activated carbon synthesis…
a b s t r a c t A large number of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been produced commingled in activated mesocarbon microbeads (AMCMBs) activated by potassium hydroxide in a stainless steel container at 900 ◦C, in which an especial buried-protection method with petroleum coke powders was used to protecting the product during activation. The CNTs were found to be about 50nmin diameter and char…
a b s t r a c t Carbon-based micro-supercapacitors dedicated to energy storage in self-powered modules were fabricated with inkjet printing technology on silicon substrate.Aninkwasfirst prepared by mixing an activated carbon powder with a PTFE polymer binder in ethylene glycol stabilized with a surfactant then deposited by inkjet on patterned gold current collectors with the substrate heate…
A B S T R A C T The study compares the structural and electrochemical properties of 12 porous carbons based on phenolic resins, using both aqueous (H2SO4) and aprotic ((C2H5)4NBF4 in acetonitrile) electrolytes. It appears that they fit into the general pattern observed for other carbons. The present carbons have micropore volumes varying between 0.29 and 0.66 cm3 g-1 and average pore widths…
a b s t r a c t Polyaniline (PANI) loaded ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC) composites were prepared via different processes, involving the in situ polymerization of aniline in the presence of OMC or its precursor and the direct physical mixing method. On the basis of analyzing the morphologies and structures of these three OMC/PANI composites, the influence of compounding processes on the el…
A B S T R A C T AC and DC electrical measurements were made to better understand the thermal conversion of microcrystalline cellulose to carbon. This study identifies five regions of electrical conductivity that can be directly correlated to the chemical decomposition and microstructural evolution of cellulose during carbonization. In Region I (250–350 0C), a decrease in overall AC condu…
A B S T R A C T Thermophysical properties of carbon materials derived from microcrystalline cellulose have been studied under vacuum and compared with earlier measurements conducted under nitrogen to better understand the influence of porosity, composition, microstructure, and atmosphere effects. The effective thermal conductivity in vacuum is lower than that observed in nitrogen primarily…
a b s t r a c t In this study, activated carbons were prepared from sugar beet bagasse by chemical activation and the prepared activated carbons were used to remove nitrate from aqueous solutions. In chemical activation, ZnCl2 was used as chemical agent. The effects of impregnation ratio and activation temperature were investigated. The produced activated carbons were characterized by measu…
A B S T R A C T Activated carbons were prepared from durian shell by chemical activation with potassium hydroxide. In order to find the optimum pore characteristics, different KOH to durian shell ratio (0.25–1.0) and activation temperature (673–923 K) was employed. The adsorption isotherm of activated carbons produced within these range of temperature and impregnation ratio is a mixture…
a b s t r a c t Two samples of commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Sigma–Aldrich and Sun Nanotech) and a sample of carbon black (Vulcan XC-72R) were investigated in raw state and after the activation in nitric and sulfuric acid by ultrasound agitation. Atomic force microscopy revealed that activated Sigma–Aldrich nanotubes are straight with corrugated walls (bamboo-like structure)…
Abstract. The renaissance of electrical/electrochemical double layer capacitors is occurring at a phenomenally high rate as the significant role of these power storage devices in traction, space flight technology, power electronics and other related fields is recognized. The needs of to-day’s computer world cannot be fulfilled by the conventional capacitors such as electrostatic and elect…
Abstract Ruthenium oxide/ordered mesoporous carbon composites materials were prepared by impregnating an ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 with RuCl3 Æ xH2O solution followed by annealing in nitrogen atmosphere from 80 to 400 C. The content of ruthenium oxide in the composites ranged from 10.0 to 30.7 wt.%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nitrogen adsorption measurem…
a b s t r a c t Composite electrodes for use in redox supercapacitors were prepared by electrochemical deposition of RuO2 or the co-deposition of Ru–Co mixed oxides on the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Electrodes coated with the Ru–Co mixed oxide [Ru (13.13 wt%) and Co (2.89 wt%)] or RuO2, exhibited a similar specific capacitance (∼620Fg−1) at low potential scan rates (…
a b s t r a c t A simple and efficient way has been developed to decorate multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) withRuO2 nanoparticles for use of electrochemical supercapacitor. In thismethod,RuO2 nanoparticleswas directly synthesizedand attachedontoMWCNTs in the mixture withRuCl3 solution by microwave-assisted irradiation. Energy dispersive X-rays analysis (EDXA) elucidated the presence of…
a b s t r a c t Hydrous ruthenium oxide/activated carbon black (RuOx/ACB) composite was synthesized for the first time for supercapacitors by a chemical impregnation method. The RuOx/ACB composite is characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results of TGA and TEM characterization s…
Abstract: Carbon/nano Ru composites were obtained by silica templating of dichlorobis (μ-chloro)bis [(1-3-η: 6-8-η)-2,7- dimethyloctadienediyl] diruthenium(IV), followed by pyrolysis. Carbon/RuO2·XH2O composites were obtained by electro-oxidation of carbon/nano Ru composites. It was found that the carbon/Ru composites had homogeneously dispersed Ru nanoparticles in the hierarchical pore str…
a b s t r a c t An asymmetric supercapacitor with improved energy and power density, relative to a symmetric Ru oxide device, has been constructed with anthraquinone-modified carbon fabric (Spectracarb 2225) as the negative electrode and Ru oxide as the positive electrode. The performance of the supercapacitorwas characterized by cyclic voltammetry and constant current discharging. Use of th…
Abstract Amorphous RuO2·xH2O and a VGCF/RuO2·xH2O nanocomposite (VGCF = vapour-grown carbon fibre) are prepared by thermal decomposition. The morphology of the materials is investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical characteristics of the materials, such as specific capacitance and rate capability, are investigated by cyclic voltammetry over a voltage range of…
a b s t r a c t Active carbon–ceramic sphere as support of ruthenium catalysts were evaluated through the catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) of resin effluent in a packed-bed reactor. Active carbon–ceramic sphere and ruthenium catalysts were characterized by N2 adsorption and chemisorption measurements. BET surface area and total pore volume of active carbon (AC) in the active carbon–…
a b s t r a c t Composites consisting of ruthenium oxide particles deposited on amorphous carbon nanofibres are prepared by a repetitive impregnation procedure. The choice of amorphous carbon nanofibres as support of amorphous ruthenium oxide leads to composites in which the deposited oxide consists of aggregates of extremely small primary particles (1–1.5 nm-size) and showing high porosi…
a b s t r a c t A novel method based on spontaneous reduction of Ru(VI) and Ru(VII) is reported for the deposition of Ru oxide on multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Both purified and acid functionalized nanotubes (p-MWCNT and a-MWCNT) have been used to produce composite materials for use in high power aqueous supercapacitors. Specific capacitances of 213±16Fg−1 and 184±11Fg−1 were…
Abstract We reported an asymmetric supercapacitor technology where RuO2/TiO2 nanotube composite was used as positive electrode and the activated carbon as negative electrode in 1 mol/L KOH electrolyte solution. The electrochemical capacitance performance of the asymmetric supercapacitor was tested by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge …
Abstract The structural, surface morphological and optical properties of sprayed ruthenium oxide thin film were investigated using XRD, SEM and optical absorption measurements. The structural analysis from XRD pattern showed the formation of RuO2 in amorphous phase. The scanning electron micrographs revealed network-like morphology of ruthenium oxide. The optical studies showed a direct band g…
Abstract The effects of annealing in air and anodizing on the capacitive behavior of carbon–ruthenium (denoted as C–Ru) composites fabricated by wet impregnation were investigated in 0.1 M H2SO4 by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronopotentiometry (CP). The utilization of Ru species within the thick composites (-1000 lm) was greatly promoted by annealing in air at 240 -C for 8 h and anodizin…