With our Þrst textbook, Principles of Inorganic Materials Design, we set out to fulÞll our stated goal of preparing a single-source presentation of inorganic materials design. Accordingly, the primary emphasis was on structureproperty correlation. A comprehensive treatment of the broader general topic of inorganic materials science necessitates that we discuss chemical, synthetic, and f…
Abstract. Static and dynamic thermomechanical analysis was performed with a dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA) to identify thermal and mechanical transitions for commercially available polymer separators under mechanical loading. Clear transitions in deformation mode were observed at elevated temperatures. These transitions identified the onset of separator “shutdown” which occurred at t…
Abstract. The deposition of corrosion products of MmNi3.55Co0.75Al0.2Mn0.5 alloy in the positive electrodes of nickel-metal-hydride (Ni-MH) battery is tested by using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. The deposition amounts of Al and Mn are markedly reduced by using an acrylic acid (AA) grafted polypropylene (PP) separator. The detrimental effect of Mn on self-discharge performance …
Abstract. Nanoporous battery separators were made by blending a polystyrene-block-polyethylene-blockpolystyrene copolymer (SES) and polystyrene (PS) homopolymers, casting films of the blend, and selectively dissolving the homopolymer. The efficacy of the separators thus obtained was determined by measurement of the ionic conductivity of separators soaked in 1 M lithium hexafluorophosphate i…
Abstract. This paper reports the development and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) nanofiber separators for high rate discharge secondary batteries. The preparation of PVdF nanofiber separators was performed by an electrospinning method. The pore properties of PVdF nanofiber separators were optimized by variation of spinning conditions, after post treatment and sheet formin…
Abstract. Macroporous polymer separators based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF) and several VdF copolymers were prepared by a phase inversion process using acetone as a solvent. The resulting macroporous separators were characterized in terms of morphology, swelling behaviour, thermal and mechanical properties and ionic conductivity. The PVdF separator had a highly porous structure (80%)…
Abstract. The overall stability of the lithium ion battery separators, under potentially extreme battery operating conditions, will require leading edge design and fabrication techniques to exceed manufacturing and end performance requirements for large scale applications. This paper features the development and performance characterization of an inorganic fiber enhanced composite separator…
Abstract. In a bid to develop a separator with improved thermal shrinkage that critically affects internal shortcircuit failures of lithium-ion batteries, we demonstrate a new approach, which is based on introducing microporous composite coating layers onto both sides of a polyethylene (PE) separator. The composite coating layers consist of alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles and polyvinylidene f…
Abstract. All-solid-state supercapacitors (SCs) were fabricated using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTFS) membrane as the separator and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)/lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as the polymer electrolyte in the porous carbon electrodes. Two types of mediators, NaI/I2 and K3Fe(CN)6/K4Fe(CN)6, were added into the PEO/LiClO4 polymer electro…
Abstract. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene was synthesized by chemical vapour deposition with nickel foam as a substrate. Based on the 3D graphene foams, free-standing grapheneepolyaniline (PANI) hybrids were produced by in-situ polymerization of aniline monomer under acid condition, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), and Raman sp…
Abstract. A hybrid supercapacitor based on manganese oxide, activated carbon and polymer electrolyte was developed and electrochemically investigated. The capacitive performance obtained from the polymer electrolyte based supercapacitorwassimilar to that of an aqueous electrolyte based supercapacitor, tested for comparison in the same operative conditions. A durability test carried out for …
Abstract. A hybrid supercapacitor, which was assembled with an H-insertion negative carbon electrode and an electrochemical double-layer positive electrode, was studied and its structure was optimized. The electrochemical performance of the individual electrode with different negative to positive electrode mass ratios was investigated. It has been demonstrated that the performance of the hy…
Abstract. Nanoscale carbon-coated Li2MnSiO4 powder is prepared using a conventional solid-state method and can be used as the negative electrode in a Li2MnSiO4/activated carbon (AC) hybrid supercapacitor. Carboncoated Li2MnSiO4 material presents a well-developed orthorhombic crystal structure with a Pmn21 space group, although there is a small impurity of MnO. The maximum specific capacitan…
Abstract. Utilizing the dual functions of activated carbon (AC) both as a conductive agent and an active substance of a positive electrode, a hybrid supercapacitor (AC-MnO2&AC) with a composite of manganese dioxide (MnO2) and activated carbon as the positive electrode (MnO2&AC) and AC as the negative electrode is fabricated, which integrates approximate symmetric and asymmetric behaviors in…
Abstract. In this article, we report a novel fullerene–polyaniline emeraldine base (C60–PANI-EB) hybrid synthesized through covalent bonding of polyaniline (PANI) onto para-phenylenediamine (PPD)-functionalized fullerene and its capacity properties. C60–PANI-EB exhibits a unique coral-like porous morphology with PANI particles interconnected by nanofibers. In comparison with polyanili…
Abstract. A hybrid of MnO2-nanowires and MWCNTs to be used as cathode in a supercapacitor with good electrochemical performance was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method. In this hybrid the α-MnO2 nanowires are well entangled with MWCNTs. The MWCNTs provide a network for fast electron transport whereas MnO2 nanowires show a fast redox response. Since gain/loss of both electrons and ions …
Abstract. A hybrid electrolyte energy storage system combining the features of supercapacitors and lithium batteries has been constructed. It consists of MnO2 nanoflakes in 1 M Li2SO4 aqueous electrolyte as the cathode and lithium foil in ionic liquid (1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiNTf2) in N-methyl-N-propyl pyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ([C3mpyr][NTf2…
Abstract. We describe in this work the synthesis and the characterization of homogeneous, carbon-coated lithium titanium oxide micro spheres and demonstrate their use for the fabrication of an active negative electrode combined with a high surface area, activated carbon positive electrode to form an advanced non aqueous, hybrid supercapacitor. We show that this activated carbon/carbon coate…
Abstract. This work demonstrates the directly grown graphene-like carbon nanowall (GNW)–carbon nanotube (CNT)– polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber (CF) paper structure for use as a highly efficient supercapacitor. The CF was prepared by electrospinning, and was then treated by carbonization. The CNTs were directly grown on the CF paper by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposit…
Abstract. In this paper, a graphene/shape-memory polyurethane (PU) composite film, used for a supercapacitor electrode, is fabricated by a simple bonding method. In the composite, formerly prepared graphene paper is closely bonded on the surface of the PU slice, forming a bi-layered composite film. Based on the good flexibility of graphene paper and the outstanding shape holding capacity of…
Abstract. Nitrogen-doped graphene hollow spheres (NGHS) have been prepared by a simple layer-by-layer assembly of graphene oxide (GO) and polyaniline (PANI) on polystyrene (PS) nanospheres, followed by calcination to remove the PS template and realize the carbonization of PANI. The resultant NGHS has a high nitrogen content of 8.7 atom%, in which various nitrogen species, such as pyridinic-…
Abstract. Graphene based materials coupled with transition metal oxides are promising electrode materials in asymmetric supercapacitors owing to their unique properties which include high surface area, good chemical stability, electrical conductivity, abundance, and lower cost profile over time. In this paper a composite material consisting of graphene oxide exfoliated with microwave radiat…
Abstract. A new supercapacitor electrode material was prepared by the in situ oxidative polymerizat ion of aniline in presence of graphene and transition metal. The structural property of the composites has been determined by Raman spectroscopy. The formation of the comp osites has been confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and the high resolution transmission electron mi…
Abstract. Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) paper is easily synthesized by a flame-induced reduction of graphene oxide (GO) paper under ambient conditions. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope results confirm the effectivity of the flame-induced reduction. The resulting r-GO paper has a high surface area of 274.9 m2 g-1 and contains a certain amount of oxygen-containing g…
Abstract. This paper studies the synthesis and electrochemical characterization of novel graphene-beaded carbon nanofibers (G/CNFs) as electrode material for use in supercapacitor. The porous G/CNF films were prepared by electrospinning polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution dispersed with oxidized graphene nanosheets, followed by carbonization at 800 C in a tubular q…
Abstract. Based on the extraordinarily properties of graphene oxide (GO), nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiONPs)/GO/glassy carbon (GC) modified electrode was prepared by electrodeposition of NiONPs on the GC surface previously modified with GO, which was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The results sh…
Abstract. A novel method involving vacuum filtration deposition (VFD) of graphene suspension is developed in this study to fabricate graphene based nickel foam electrode for supercapacitor. Acid-treated graphene nanosheets in a suspension can be easily deposited in the pores of nickel foam in large quantity using this method, thus producing supercapacitors with large energy capacity. Struct…
Abstract. Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles have been synthesized through a sonochemical assisted precipitation followed by thermal treatment. As prepared CuO nanoparticles have been anchored on surface of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets through a simple electrostatic coprecipitation. Prepared samples have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Ra…
Abstract. A promising supercapacitor material based on graphene/polypyrrole (PPy) has been successfully synthesized via in situ oxidation polymerization of pyrrole monomers in aqueous graphene oxide (GO) solutions, followed by chemical reduction using ethylene glycol (EG). Unlike the commonly employed hydrazine reduction, the moderate EG reductant does not destruct the PPy conjugative struc…
Abstract. The graphene oxide/polyaniline (GO/PANI) composite was prepared by the one-step electrochemical codeposition method. The different mass concentrations of GO were utilized to improve the electrochemical performances. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope images showed that PANI nanofibers not only were coated on the surface but also intercalated into GO …
Abstract Microwave energy (microwave frequency, in this case, includes radio frequencies and ranges from 0.3 MHz to 300 GHz) is being developed as a new tool for high-temperature processing of materials. Examples of the advantages associated with microwave processing include: rapid and uniform heating; decreased sintering temperatures; improved physical and mechanical properties; and, unique p…
Abstract: The activated carbon prepared from cotton stalk with ZnCl2 as activation was investigated under microwave radiation. Effects on the yield and adsorption capacities of activated carbon were evaluated then, such as, microwave power, microwave radiation time and the impregnation ratio of ZnCl2. It indicated that the optimum conditions were as follows: microwave power of 560W, microwa…
Abstract: Two kinds of typical activated carbons (coal based AC and coconut shell based AC) were modified in a flow of N2 gas has been carried out using a microwave device operating at 2450 MHz and different input power, instead of a conventional furnace. The samples were analyzed by means of low temperature N2 adsorption, elemental analysis and Boehm titration. The results show that micro…
Abstract: In attempt to compare the removal efficiency and yield of the activated carbon prepared using the conventional and microwave-assisted heating is the focus of this work. Toward this olive stone (a biomass precursor) is activated using the popular activating agent potassium hydroxide. The process optimization exercise is carried out by using the standard full factorial statistical desi…
Though most colleges and universities now have courses and degree programs related to materials chemistry, there is a need for a textbook that addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment. As I quickly discovered, trying to fill this void represented a daunting task of providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving…