The red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga Walker, is an important pest of groundnut, castor and cotton in India. We determined the susceptibility of Amsacta albistriga to organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides under laboratory conditions. Biochemical profile of esterase, acetylcholinesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione S-dehydrogenase was assessed. Synthet…
The aim of this research was to know the influences of 7P marketing mix variables, which consists of product, price, promotion, place, people, physical evidence and process on purchasing decision of consumers in determining appropriate marketing strategy of Malang apples at Giant MOG. The result analysis showed that the most influential marketing mix variable was price with the odd pricing as t…
Moulds are filamentous fungi which induce alteration on food and feed. The early detection of alteration fungal microbiota is essential for effective control strategies. In this study, we have investigated the moulds diversity of grape berry during bunch closure stage. Fungal strains were isolated from two indigenous grape varieties Cadarc
The twenty first century is a period of human history where natural resources are stretched to the limit, unprecedented levels of carbon emissions and a rapidly rising population, predicted to reach nine billion by 2050. It is indeed the opinion of some that we have excavated a hole so deep that there is now no turning back from catastrophe, however I believe that it is in human nature to …
Many studies have well reported nutrient deficiency and soil degradation focusing on soil N in pure plantations. However, few papers focused on soil P deficiency during pure plantation afforestation. We examined the variations in P fractions and phosphatase (P-ase) activities in the rhizosphere and bulk soils in Larix olgensis plantations of 16, 23, 34, and 49 y. Correlation analysis was ap…
To increase efficiency of water and nitrogen (N) fertilizer use, this study was conducted with a split-root pot experiment to investigate the effects of different forms of N fertilizer on root growth, photosynthesis, instantaneous water use efficiency (IWUE), and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) under alternate partial root-zone irrigation (APRI). Three irrigation modes comprised…
This special issue presents five essays and an interview in appreciation of Henry Bernstein. The essays – by major scholars in the field of agrarian political economy – engage with different aspects of Bernstein’s oeuvre: from direct critical reflections on his approach to the peasantry and the agrarian question through to arguments developed in connection to his work on commercial ca…
1 Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most devastating pests of tomato crops. We studied the acceptability and suitability of eggs laid by irradiated T. absoluta pairs to parasitism by the parasitoids Trichogramma nerudai and Trichogramma pretiosum. 2 Trichogramma absoluta pupae were irradiated with X-radiation (20834 R) and the emerged adults were separated …
Understanding and quantification of phosphorus (P) fluxes are key requirements for predictions of future forest ecosystems changes as well as for transferring lessons learned from natural ecosystems to croplands and plantations. This review summarizes and evaluates the recent knowledge on mechanisms, magnitude, and relevance by which dissolved and colloidal inorganic and organic P forms can…
This is a contribution to a long-standing ‘conversation’ between Henry Bernstein and Terry Byres on capitalist agrarian transition, encompassing the development of capitalist agriculture and capitalist industrialization. Two themes are central: first, the divergence of view with respect to the possible relevance of past transitions for the present (posited by Byres) and the contemporary…
The phenolic composition of white grapes is important since browning reactions may dramatically compromise the overall quality of musts and wines. Only few scientific contributions are available, which investigated how fertilization can influence this class of compounds. Thus, the aim of this work was to examine the effects of NPK soil fertilization coupled with soil or foliar applications …
Among several environmental factors shaping soil microbial communities the impact of soil nutrients is of special interest. While continuous application mainly of N and P dramatically shifts community composition during fertilization, it remains unclear whether this effect is consistent in generic, unfertilized beech forest ecosystems of Germany, where differences in nutrient contents are m…
Phosphorus (P) deficiency at early seedling stages is a critical determinant for survival and final yield of pearl millet in multi-stress Sahelian environments. Longer roots and colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance P uptake and crop performance of millet. Assessing the genotypic variation of early mycorrhization and its effect on plant growth is necessary to better u…
Below-ground niche complementarity in legume–cereal intercrops may improve resource use efficiency and root adaptability to environmental constraints. However, the effect of water limitation on legume rooting and nodulation patterns in intercropping is poorly understood. To advance our knowledge of mechanisms involved in water-limitation response, faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and wheat (Trit…
1 To understand how habitat management influences agricultural production, the present study investigated whether the vicinity of mixed (six annual herbaceous species) or monospecific (Diplotaxis tenuifolia) floral margins can improve seed production in coriander. 2 Potted coriander plants under field conditions were used to test: (i) the contribution of insect pollination (open versus b…
1 Elatobium abietinum (Walker) is the most important defoliating pest of Sitka spruce Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Climate change in the U.K. is predicted to increase incidences of spring–summer drought events, with the aphid expected to respond to these changes. This will have serious implications for damage levels and growth of infested Sitka spruce, as well as control of the aphid pe…
My paper underscores the theoretical contribution of an early essay by Henry Bernstein, ‘Notes on Capital and Peasantry’, published in 1977. It uses the ideas in that essay to construct a general argument about the ways in which capitalism dominates household producers. The first section summarizes the arguments of Bernstein’s essay and relates them to key passages of A.V. Chayanov’…
Changes to soil nutrient availability and increases for crop yield and soil organic C (SOC) concentration on biochar-amended soil under temperate climate conditions have only been reported in a few publications. The objective of this work was to determine if biochar application rates up to 20 Mg ha–1 affect nutrient availability in soil, SOC stocks and yield of corn (Zea mays L.), soybean…
Breeding has developed better yielding maize hybrids for low N environments, which also have delayed leaf senescence (‘stay green’ trait, SG). Here, we studied whether the SG trait can further improve yield of modern hybrids under N-limiting conditions. In two field experiments, four maize hybrids with different senescence behaviour were grown under three N fertilization levels, from 0 to …
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a promising crop for food security in dry areas. Studies have been conducted to define nitrogen (N) fertilization levels and to understand the responses of quinoa to drought, but little is known about the response of this crop to N fertilization under drought stress. The aim of this study was to investigate whether N fertilization could improve quinoa yield…
Despite the importance of mucilage for soil–plant relations, little is known about the effect of soil drying on mucilage exudation. We introduce a method to collect mucilage from maize growing in wet and dry soils. Mucilage was collected from brace roots. The amount of mucilage exuded did not change with soil water content and transpiration rate. Mucilage exuded in dry soils had a higher …
Liming has important implications for N dynamics in acidic soils planted with legumes that are not fully understood. We used a 15N tracer (K15NO3) to examine N dynamics in a Chromic Luvisol planted with soybean with and without lime in environmentally-controlled chambers set at 20°C and 30°C (full factorial design). Liming increased total N and 15N recovery in soybean, but had no effect…
Nitrogen (N) deposition has been increasing in alpine ecosystems, but its fate in soils and plants remains unclear. We assumed that the increased N load will be efficiently retained in alpine ecosystems but that the degree of N use efficiency changes with elevation. Thus, we performed a 3-year 15N tracer experiment, in which we added 1 g m–2 of either NH415NO3 or 15NH4NO3 fertilizer to a pl…
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is cultivated throughout Latin America and Africa, and for the European community, in Italy and Spain, areas are mainly subjected to drought stress which is predict to worsen by regional climatic models. The aims of this work were to identify the drought-tolerant and drought-sensitive bean landraces using drought tolerance and phenotypic plasticity indexes …
1 The effects of tree diversity on herbivore–enemy interactions have received relatively little attention and even fewer studies have compared the relative influence of tree intra- versus interspecific diversity on such dynamics. 2 We evaluated the effects of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) genotypic diversity and tree species diversity on parasitoid attack and species richness associa…
Determination of crop coefficients (Kc), the ratio between actual (ETa) and reference evapotranspiration (ET0), is necessary to schedule irrigation. Our objective was to determine Kc, turf quality and growth rate under daily irrigation to field capacity (FC = 3 kPa tension) and drying. Minilysimeters installed in a green (mowing height 3–5 mm) and fairway (15 mm) were weighed during four per…
Considerable the amounts of Wader (Rasbora jacobsoni) are abundant in Indonesia for all year and also have a low economic value. By using Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) protease, production of wader protein hydrolysate (WPH) as food ingredients and industrial product may be possible. Hydrolysis condition was proposed depend on the effects of the time (t) (0, 1.5, and 3 hours), and enzyme concentr…
Multi-roles of women in domestic sectors and public sectors have basically affected behavior, structure, function, and construction of socio-culture of the farmer’s household. Objective of the research were: 1) to identify patterns of the work division and working time division for women, 2) to analyze the change of functional structure in the farmer’s family, such as: the change in interac…
The assessment of sustainability of agro-food systems is based on different and several tools. However, economic and policy implications of structural changes, such as land use change, and other modifications, for instance a different orientation or farming technique, could be mainly determined through scenario analysis. Especially in metropolitan regions, where the agricultural sector is threa…
The purpose of this paper is to propose a reflection about specific tools of communication feasible to succeed in improving sustainability of feeding in a health dimension. Recognizing that consumption choices, especially regarding food, are determined by factors different from price and income, incorporating ideas both from behavioral economics, food marketing and psychology, we would try to g…
The coastal zone is a big place: some 40% of the world’s population lives within 100 km of the sea and this zone is under increasing pressure. Sustainable development and management of coastal zone resources are vitally important to human well-being, to national economies and to the ecosystems on which we depend. In simple spatial terms, the coastal zone is the interface between the lan…
Industrial tree crops contribute substantially to the economy of many developing countries on the Asian, African, and Latin American continents. With the World Trade Organization (WTO) substantially focusing on agriculture, the commercial aspects of growing these crops assume considerable economic significance. Within the developing world, there are countries whose sole economic sustenance …
In a relatively brief period the soybean has become a major crop plant in the United States. Based on the utilization of the bean, or products therefrom, a substantial soybean industry has also developed. Its uses, agricultural and industrial, primarily depend on the high content of both protein (ca. 40%) and oil (ca. 20%) in the bean. Soybeans are a cash crop and provide a significant par…
As a consequence of the success of post-World War II agriculture, particularly in western Europe, many in affluent societies have taken food for granted for decades. We lack historical perspective to conclude that the gap between the world demand and supply of food is widening or otherwise. Nonetheless, the recent debate on this gap and the role of research and development in agriculture is a…
In the vast areas of tropical and subtropical regions there is a category of widely distributed, highly weathered soils known as "Red Earths," also referred to as Ferralsols, Acrisols, Oxisols, Ultisols, Latosols, Lateritic Soils, Krasnozems, Ferrisols, and Ferrallitic Soils. Because of the abundant rainfall and high temperature, this type of soil is considered one of the most important agricul…
The dry lands with which this work is concerned, are the areas of meagre or undependable rainfall, in which the average precipitation is deficient in relation to water requirements. These include the arid zones, in which arable crop production is not possible without irrigation, and also their semi-arid fringes, in which rainfall, though precarious, is sufficient for certain types of crops, req…
Tilletia ehrhartae, a smut fungus infecting perennial veldtgrass Ehrharta calycina, is epitypified and characterized using the Consolidated Species Concept, including morphology, ecology (host plant) and rDNA sequences (ITS and LSU). Tilletia ehrhartae is native and endemic to the Cape Floral Kingdom (located entirely in South Africa), but it has also been introduced to the alien artificial ran…
Plant-parasitic nematodes are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. They are characterized by distinct parasitic lifestyles, e.g., as sedentary or migratory endo- or ectoparasites, resulting in high losses in yield and revenue. Possessing limited lipid metabolism, they produce one or two structurally unique classes of small �…
Fusarium corm rot is the major destructive disease of Crocus sativus, a perennial herb whose stigma forms the commercially important spice Bsaffron^. In the present study we isolated a native Bacillus strain with antagonistic activity against a Fusarium oxysporum isolate causing the disease. Three fungi, Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani and Penicillium sp., were isolated from the corms showing cla…
Banana bunchy top disease is caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV), which is a species of the genus Babuvirus in the family Nanoviridae. In this study, we collected 61 isolates of BBTV from Sumatra Island. The sequences of DNA-R and DNA-S of 61 samples and DNA-U3 of 37 samples were determined. Although the Sumatra population has different sequences in the stem-loop region in DNA-U3, it i…
A standard area diagram (SAD) set to aid assessment of bacterial spot (caused by Xanthomonas spp.) severity on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves was prepared and evaluated for improving accuracy, precision and reliability of visual estimates. The proposed SAD set contains illustrations of leaves with 12 distinct disease severity values from 0.5 to 90 %, and was validated by 12 raters with…
Three hundred and fifty six isolates of Rhizoctonia solani were obtained from potato stems and tubers in the main potato growing regions of China between 2011 and 2014. On the basis of the hyphal anastomosis and sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacers of the ribosomal DNA, 249 isolates (69.94 %) were identified to anastomosis group (AG)-3 PT, 44 (12.36 %) to AG-5, 39 (10.96 %) to …
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be promoted differently, although iron is regarded as a condicio sine qua of their generation. We assessed how enzymes involved in ROS production and iron accumulation impact the interactions between Pinus sylvestris root and pathogens with di fferent host preferences (Heterobasidion annosum sensu stricto, H. parviporum and H. abietinum). Studies with inhibitor…
The potyvirus-induced passion fruit woodiness disease (PWD) is considered the most important limiting factor for passion fruit production in several countries. In Brazil, PWD is caused by the Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), and to date there are no reports on the existence of P. edulis genotypes resistant to this virus. Thus, resistance gene introgression from wild Passiflora species f…
We have investigated the uptake and delivery of Erwinia amylovora-specific bacteriophages in apple plants. The main aim of this study was to assess the potential of phage application as a means for improving phage persistence and thereby the control of fire blight, the disease caused by E. amylovora. Both phage strains tested (ΦEa104 and H5K) were able to translocate in apple seedlings and we…
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a filamentous fungal phytopathogen capable of infecting many economically important crops and vegetables. The dinitroaniline fungicide fluazinam had not been registered for control of S. sclerotiorum in China until April 2014. In this study, control efficacy of fluazinam was determined and baseline sensitivity of S. sclerotiorum to this fungicide was established base…
The adjusted stochastic weather generator to disaggregate the monthly climate averages into daily timescale is investigated due to the limitations of Climate Models in representing the daily weather fluctuations. We use weather generator for daily precipitation and maximum and minimum temperature are investigated for Sao Paulo State. We use the adjusted stochastic weather generator to disaggreg…
The water salinization is a widespread phenomenon in the world and generally, it is accompanied by salinization of soils. This makes very hard to grow any crops because to irrigate with salt water often destroys crops and fertility of soils. To mitigate such issues, within a geographical area of Sicily involved in such problems and declared at risk of desertification, Giuseppe Ingiaimo applied…
Field studies were conducted in Wyoming and Nebraska in 2007 through 2009 to evaluate winter wheat response to aminocyclopyrachlor. Aminocyclopyrachlor was applied at rates between 15 and 120 g ai ha-1 6, 4, and 2 mo before winter wheat planting (MBP). Redroot pigweed control was 90% with aminocyclopyrachlor rates of 111 and 50 g ha-1 when applied 4 or 2 MBP. Aminocyclopyrachlor at 37 g ha-1 co…
The inclusion of winter cereals in spring-annual rotations in the northern Great Plains may reduce weed populations and herbicide requirements. A broad range of spring and winter cereals were compared for ability to suppress weeds and maximize grain yield at Lacombe (2002 to 2005) and Lethbridge (2003 to 2005), Alberta, Canada. High seeding rates (≥ 400 seeds/m2) were used in all years to max…