Following calls to capture the consequences of family involvement in the business, this article empirically investigates the mediating role of board processes (i.e., effort norms, use of knowledge and skills, and cognitive conflicts) and board (control and strategy) tasks in the relationship between family involvement and firm performance in small and medium-sized companies.To address this purp…
Acknowledgments: This article was accepted under the editorship of Deborah E. Rupp. This article is based on Sean A. Way’s dissertation titled A Firm-Level Analysis of HR Flexibility (School of Management and Labor Relations, Rutgers University), 2006 Ralph Alexander Dissertation Award (HR Division of the Academy of Management). Data in Figures 1 and 2, in Tables 3, 4, 6, and 7, and in sev…
This article explores antecedents and outcomes of group-level person-group (PG) fit perceptions.Based on the categorization-elaboration model (CEM), the authors explain how social category (gender and age) and informational diversity (education and work experience) in work teams may elicit supplementary and complementary fit perceptions among team members. The authors then examine two mechanism…
This article explores antecedents and outcomes of group-level person-group (PG) fit perceptions.Based on the categorization-elaboration model (CEM), the authors explain how social category (gender and age) and informational diversity (education and work experience) in work teams may elicit supplementary and complementary fit perceptions among team members. The authors then examine two mechanism…
The authors develop and test a moderated mediation model that accounts for employee emotions (psychological contract violation), employee motivation (revenge cognitions), employee personality (self-control), and context (perceived aggressive culture) in the relationship between psychological contract breach and workplace deviance. In Sample 1, involving 146 hospitality workers and their peers, …
This article describes new micro-foundations for theorizing about executive compensation, drawing on the behavioral economics literature and based on a more realistic set of behavioral assumptions than those that have typically been made by agency theorists. We call these microfoundations “behavioral agency theory.” In contrast to the standard agency framework, which focuses on monitoring c…
Extant research has shown that entrepreneurial orientation (EO) is positively associated with firm performance, but several contingencies affect the strength of this relationship. This article uses insights from the resource-based view and upper echelons perspective to introduce top management’s transformational leadership behaviors as moderators in the EO–performance relationship. The theo…
Recently, outside blockholders, external owners that hold 5% or more of their firms’ outstanding common stockholdings, have been pressuring their firms to engage in divestiture activities. This study considers whether the influence of those owners also extends to how the divestiture is implemented, whether through spin-off or sell-off. Tests of an agency theory model using data from 205 dives…
A delayed inflammatory response is a prominent feature of infection with Yersinia pestis, the agent of bubonic and pneumonic plague. Using a rat model of bubonic plague, we examined lymph node histopathology,transcriptome, and extracellular cytokine levels to broadly characterize the kinetics and extent of the host response to Y. pestis and how it is influenced by the Yersinia virulence plasmi…
While much is known about the consequences of the psychological contract,comparatively less is understood about how the contract is actually formed in the first instance. We argue that a closer examination of the fundamental building blocks of the psychological contract will facilitate a better understanding of how it should be effectively managed. Based on its cognitive underpinnings, we make…
We review and synthesize the empowering leadership literature and, as a result, suggest two new provocative lines of inquiry directing future research.Based on a set of testable propositions, we first encourage researchers to answer the question of why empowering leadership occurs. Second, we encourage researchers to explore less positive and unintended, negative outcomes of empowering leaders…
The purpose of this article is to develop a testable model of both the antecedents and consequences of workplace boredom. This model is needed because recent evidence suggests that boredom in the workplace is on the rise, despite the apparent reduction in boring, monotonous jobs, which have traditionally been seen as the primary causes of boredom. To develop this model, we first clarify the co…
Organizational creativity research has focused extensively on distinguishing creativity from routine, non-creative work. In this conceptual article, we examine the less considered issue of variation in the type of creative ideas. Starting from the premise that creativity occurs along a continuum that can range from incremental to radical, we propose that unpacking variation in the mix of novel…
Upper echelons research has largely focused on the antecedents and consequences of top management teams (TMTs) from the team and firm levels of analysis. This paper reviews empirical research on TMTs with a specific emphasis on the role of the external environment. Applying institutional and industrial organization theories, a cross-level conceptual model outlining the direct, mediating, and m…
While the selection of top managers is vital to the performance and survival of organizations, the process by which these managers are selected remains uncharted territory. In this conceptual article, we propose that both structural conditions of and the selection process for top management positions are different from those at lower organizational levels. We build on the existing literature o…
In this article we develop a conceptual framework that examines the relationship between shared mental models, task interdependence, and virtual team performance. In addition, we use media synchronicity theory to examine how various attributes of the technologies used by virtual teams to communicate can influence the development of shared mental models. Finally, we employ a sense-making lens to…
The move toward flatter and more flexible team situations has prompted the need for acts of leadership outside a formally designated role. In these situations, the choice of whether or not to act as a leader in the team is a discretionary choice and often involves risk. We consider the qualities of a team member that make up the propensity to act like a leader in situations of risk where the c…
The nature, subject matter and future direction of International Political Economy has been opened up for debate following interventions by Benjamin Cohen, John Hobson and special issues of the Review of International Political Economy and New Political Economy.Most contributors to the debate are dissatisfied with the current state of International Political Economy and desire to identify the �…
Why do countries liberalize capital controls? The literature identifies a range of possible reasons. Yet, despite considerable advances, the impact of international nongovernmental organizations has yet to be considered. In fact, surprisingly, systematic analysis of the role of international non-governmental organizations in the diffusion of economic openness, financial or otherwise, has not b…
The rise of the large emerging economies of Brazil, India and China can easily be counted among the most important contemporary structural changes in the global political economy. This article attempts to determine whether these countries have a common institutional model for governing their economies and addresses the implications of these commonalities for global economic institutions. The a…
Critique is back on the scholarly agenda. Since the financial crisis, critique has been debated in philosophy and sociology with renewed rigour. International Relations is currently picking up on these developments. Yet, the critique of capitalism is largely absent in International Relations. This article argues that the theoretical resources deployed among ‘radical’ International Relation…
Global trade depends on the ability of firms to make credible commitments across borders. Absent a global state to enforce contracts, how can credibility be assured?Today, the majority of significant transborder contract disputes are adjudicated in private arbitral tribunals. The decisions of these bodies are enforceable in the public courts of the 146 countries that have ratified the 1958 New …
There is a large body of literature, both within academic International Relations and in popular discourses, about globalization and regulatory convergence, either through regulatory races to the bottom or the upwards harmonization of regulatory standards. Neither pattern is well supported by empirical findings with respect to industries that can easily move offshore in search of lower regulat…
Approaches to determining direction of dependence in nonexperimental data are based on the relation between higher-than second-order moments on one side and correlation and regression models on the other. These approaches have experienced rapid development and are being applied in contexts such as research on partner violence,attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and currency exchange rate…
This article investigates the effect of the rural–urban divide on mean response styles (RSs) and their relationships with the sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents.It uses the Representative Indicator Response Style Means and Covariance Structure (RIRSMACS) method and data from Guyana—a developing country in the Caribbean. The rural–urban divide affects substantial mean RSs …
In the field of international educational surveys, equivalence of achievement scale scores across countries has received substantial attention in the academic literature; however, only a relatively recent emphasis on scale score equivalence in nonachievement education surveys has emerged. Given the current state of research in multiplegroup models, findings regarding these recent measurement i…
The present study was motivated by the recognition that standard errors (SEs) of item response theory (IRT) model parameters are often of immediate interest to practitioners and that there is currently a lack of comparative research on different SE (or error variance–covariance matrix) estimation procedures. The present study investigated item parameter SEs based on three error variance–cov…
Several sources of bias can plague research data and individual assessment. When cultural groups are considered, across or even within countries, it is essential that the constructs assessed and evaluated are as free as possible from any source of bias and specifically from bias caused due to culturally specific characteristics. Employing the Explanations of Unemployment Scale (revised form) f…
A challenge associated with traditional mixture regression models (MRMs), which rest on the assumption of normally distributed errors, is determining the number of unobserved groups. Specifically, even slight deviations from normality can lead to the detection of spurious classes. The current work aims to (a) examine how sensitive the commonly used model selection indices are in class enumerat…
Previous research has demonstrated that differential item functioning (DIF) methods that do not account for multilevel data structure could result in too frequent rejection of the null hypothesis (i.e., no DIF) when the intraclass correlation coefficient (r) of the studied item was the same as the r of the total score. The current study extended previous research by comparing the performance o…
Extreme response style (ERS) is a systematic tendency for a person to endorse extreme options (e.g., strongly disagree, strongly agree) on Likert-type or ratingscale items. In this study, we develop a new class of item response theory (IRT) models to account for ERS so that the target latent trait is free from the response style and the tendency of ERS is quantified. Parameters of these new mod…
Regional economic integration leads to closer interdependence within the Greater Mekong sub-region (GMS) especially for trade and commerce. Contributing factors to cross-border trade expansion between Thailand and four neighboring countries, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Malaysia and Myanmar (CLMM) have been studied, as well as an analysis of its pattern and trend utilizing time series data from1996–…
Current legislation encourages schools to educate students with disabilities (SWDs) in general education settings to the greatest extent appropriate. However, it is unclear whether inclusion in general education settings provides SWDs a sufficient opportunity to learn the academic content assessed by accountability measures. This initial study was designed to (a) describe the extent to which g…
A primary focus of recent educational policymaking has been on improving measures of teaching effectiveness, attributable in part to recent federal policies such as the Race to the Top initiative and Investing in Innovation. To date, neither researchers nor practitioners have arrived at a consensus on the best methods for evaluating special educators. While value-added scores are likely not sui…
There is currently little consensus on how special education teachers should be evaluated. The lack of consensus may be due to several reasons. Special education teachers work under a variety of complex conditions, with a very heterogeneous population, and support student progress toward a very individualized set of goals. In addition, special education is marked by historical rates of attriti…
Abstract We describe the concept of a dynamic instructional practices portfolio to evaluate special education teachers. This portfolio features the My Instructional Learning Opportunities Guidance System (MyiLOGS) as the core component. MyiLOGS is an online, daily self-report measure of opportunity to learn (OTL) that provides detailed information on teachers’ use of instructional time, curr…
The extent to which teachers implement evidence-based practices, such as explicit instruction, is critical for improving students’ mathematics achievement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of the kindergarten Early Learning in Mathematics (ELM) curriculum on teachers’ use of explicit mathematics instruction in core educational settings. Observation data for the study wer…
Position effect, the interaction between a test item’s position in an exam booklet and examinees’performance, is always of concern in developing test instruments. This study is intended to explore the factors that have interactive effects with prompt position in large-scale writing assessments and to differentiate the impact of each factor. This study analyzed the 2007 National Assessment o…
Multiple imputation (MI) has become a highly useful technique for handling missing values in many settings. In this article, the authors compare the performance of a MI model based on empirical Bayes techniques to a direct maximum likelihood analysis approach that is known to be robust in the presence of missing observations. Specifically, they focus on handling of missing item scores in multil…
This study examines adverse consequences of using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) that ignores rater effects to analyze ratings collected by multiple raters in longitudinal research. The most severe consequence of using HLM ignoring rater effects is the biased estimation of Levels 1 and 2 fixed effects and potentially incorrect significance tests about them. A crossclassified random effects …
For classification problems in psychology (e.g., clinical diagnosis), batteries of tests are often administered. However, not every test or item may be necessary for accurate classification. In the current article, a combination of classification and regression trees (CART) and stochastic curtailment (SC) is introduced to reduce assessment length of questionnaire batteries. First, the CARTalgor…
Yersinia pestis, the bacterial agent of plague, is transmitted by fleas. The bite of an infected flea deposits Y. pestis into the dermis and triggers recruitment of innate immune cells, including phagocytic PMNs. Y. pestis can subvert this PMN response and survive at the flea-bite site, disseminate, and persist in the host. Although its genome encodes a number of antiphagocytic virulence fac…
Plague is a zoonosis transmitted by fleas and caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis. During infection, the plasmidic caf1M1A1 operon that encodes the Y. pestis F1 protein capsule is highly expressed, and anti-F1 antibodies are protective. Surprisingly, the capsule is not required for virulence after injection of cultured bacteria, even though it is an antiphagocytic factor an…
Hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLMs) have been used to assess differential item functioning (DIF). For model identification, some literature assumed that the reference (majority) and focal (minority) groups have an equal mean ability so that all items in a test can be assessed for DIF. In reality, it is very unlikely that the two groups have an identical mean. If so, other model ident…
This paper revisits the debate on the role of agriculture in promoting economic growth in a selection of nine developing countries.We investigated the causal linkages between agriculture and gross domestic product growth with the aid of directed acyclic graphs, a recently developed algorithm of inductive causation. The results suggest that while agriculture could be an engine of economic gro…
The aim of this paper is to gain an understanding into how agricultural policies have affected structural change in the French dairy sector. A nonstationary Markov model is estimated using a Generalized Cross Entropy approach. Results show that while the price of cow’s milk encourages farm growth, direct payments and quota restriction favor small farms. The price signal is a key factor of …
Several complicating issues arise in evaluating the returns to research into varietal improvements for perennial crops compared with annual crops. We elucidate and address these issues in the context of a case study of research aiming to develop varieties that are resistant to Pierce’s disease (PD) of grapevines. PD imposes costs of over $100 million per year on the California grape industry,…
Through good economic times and bad, marketing remains the pivotal function in any business. Determining and satisfying the needs of customers through products that have value and accessibility and whose features are clearly communicated is the general purpose of any business. It is also a fundamental definition of marketing. This text introduces students to the marketing strategies and too…
Among the Nobel Laureates in Economics more than 60% were Economists who have done pioneering work in Mathematical Economics.These Economists not only learnt Higher Mathematics with perfection but also applied it successfully in their higher pursuits of both Macroeconomics and Econometrics. A Mathematical formula (involving stochastic differential equations) was discovered in 1970 by St…
The Business Fundamentals text is designed to introduce students, particularly those in developing economies, to the essential concepts of business and other organizations. It does this by focusing on small, entrepreneurial start-ups, and expanding the discussion in each chapter to include issues that are faced in larger organizations when it is appropriate to do so. Traditional business model…