Ditapis dengan
Hypoxic training methods for improving endurance exercise performance
Endurance athletic performance is highly related to a number of factors that can be altered through altitude and hypoxic training including increases in erythrocyte volume, maximal aerobic exercise capacity, capillary density, and economy. Physiological adaptations in response to acute and chronic exposure to hypoxic environments are well documented and range from short-term detrimental effects…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 325–332
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Biomechanical characteristics of an anterior cruciate ligament injury in jave…
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the mechanism of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in javelin throwing and javelin throwing techniques relevant to this ACL injury. Methods: The patient in this study was an elite female javelin thrower who completed the first three trials and sustained a non-contact ACL injury on her left knee in the fourth trial of javelin throwin…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 333–340
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Performance on the Functional Movement Screen in older active adults
Background: The Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) has become increasingly popular for identifying functional limitations in basic functional movements. This exploratory and descriptive study was undertaken to confirm feasibility of performing the FMS™ in older active adults, assess prevalence of asymmetries and to evaluate the relationship between functional movement ability, age, physical …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 119–125
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The training process: Planning for strength–power training in track and fie…
Planning training programs for strength–power track and field athletes require an understanding of both training principles and training theory. The training principles are overload, variation, and specificity. Each of these principles must be incorporated into an appropriate system of training. Conceptually, periodization embraces training principles and offers advantages in planning, allowi…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 318–324
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effect of approach run velocity on the optimal performance of the triple jump
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of horizontal and vertical velocities at the landing of the last step of approach run on the performance and optimal phase ratio of the triple jump. Methods: Three-dimensional kinematic data of 13 elite male triple jumpers were obtained during a competition. Computer simulations were performed using a biomechanical model of the tri…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 347–352
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The relationship between steeplechase hurdle economy,mechanics, and performance
Background: Research surrounding the steeplechase is scarce, with most research focusing primarily on how biomechanical factors relate to maintaining running speed while crossing barriers. One area that has not been well explored is the relationship between biomechanical factors and hurdling economy. The purpose of this study was to investigate how performance times and biomechanical variables …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 353–356
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Operationalizing physical literacy: The potential of active video games
The core idea of physical literacy is a mind-body integrated, holistic approach to physical activity. A physically literate individual is expected to be cognitively knowledgeable, physically competent, and mentally motivated for a physically active life throughout the lifespan. The advancement of technology in recent years, especially those in active video games (AVGs), seems to have allowed th…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 145e149
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Contextualizing physical literacy in the school environment: The challenges
The intent of this paper is to conceptualize physical literacy in the school environment within the United States educational system. Evolution of physical literacy from both a general education and disciplinary focus is overviewed. The challenges of transitioning from a physically educated to a physically literate person as the primary learning outcome of physical education may inhibit progres…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 156e163
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Operationalizing physical literacy for learners: Embodying the motivation to …
Physical literacy is a concept that is expected to encompass the mind and body in an integrated way to explain, promote, and help sustain human beings’ fundamental function: movement. According to Whitehead (2010), physical literacy is defined by motivation, especially by competence-based and interest-based motivation. This point of view is consistent with vast amount of research evidence on …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 125e131
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Physically literate and physically educated: A rose by any other name?
In the 2013 release of the U.S. National Physical Education Standards the term “physically literate” replaced “physically educated”. Unfortunately,most discourse within the profession about the term physically literate occurred primarily after its adoption. While we agree with the spirit and intent of the term, we feel it is essential to discuss not only what has been potentially gained…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 139e144
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Stride length–velocity relationship during running with body weight support
Background: Lower body positive pressure (LBPP) treadmills can be used in rehabilitation programs and/or to supplement run mileage in healthy runners by reducing the effective body weight and impact associated with running. The purpose of this study is to determine if body weight support influences the stride length (SL)–velocity as well as leg impact acceleration relationship during running.…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 391–395
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Intermittent blood flow restriction does not reduce atrophy following anterio…
Background: A previous study has reported a 50% reduction in disuse atrophy of the quadriceps during the first 14 days after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. A follow-up trial is needed to confirm these promising results. The present study aims to investigate the effect of an occlusion stimulus on quadriceps atrophy after ACL reconstruction. Methods: A total of 24 subjects part…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 115–118
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Teaching for physical literacy: Implications to instructional design and PETE
Physical education teachers play an important role in helping students’ development of the motor skills needed to be physically literate individuals. Research suggests that teacher made instructional design decisions can lead to enhanced motor skill learning. After presenting a model of evidence-based research this paper presents information that will help teachers plan and execute lessons de…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 150e155
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Operationalizing physical literacy through sport education
Physical literacy (PL), as embodied within physical education (PE), has been vaunted as having increasing importance as a disposition for students of all abilities to establish lifelong adherence to physical activity. The purpose of this paper was to provide a discussion of how the pedagogical features of a contemporary pedagogical model, Sport Education (SE), may be used to operationalize PL i…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 132e138
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Unpacking the physical literacy concept for K-12 physical education:What shou…
The term “physical literacy” is gaining traction in many countries and institutions as a goal for physical education. This paper explores the concept of physical literacy and highlights the foundational work in this area, particularly that of Margaret Whitehead. The relationship of physical literacy to physical education is also discussed with potential ramifications for teachers and learne…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 108e112
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Physical literacy in the field of physical education e A challenge and a poss…
Publications of articles with physical literacy as a topic have increased dramatically since the beginning of 2000s. The aim of this paper is to,through an explorative literature overview with an inductive approach, analyze frequent, and significant themes in published peer reviewed articles,with a focus on physical literacy. The database EBSCO has been used with the identifiers “physical lit…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 113e118
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Single dose of intra-muscular platelet rich plasma reverses the increase in p…
Background: Platelet rich plasma (PRP) therapy is widely used in enhancing the recovery of skeletal muscle from injury. However, the impact of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical responses has not been fully elucidated in exercise-induced muscle damage. The purpose of this investigation the effects of intramuscular delivery of PRP on hematologic and biochemical response…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 109–114
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 109–114
- No. Panggil
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Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods
To control movement, the brain has to integrate proprioceptive information from a variety of mechanoreceptors. The role of proprioception in daily activities, exercise, and sports has been extensively investigated, using different techniques, yet the proprioceptive mechanisms underlying human movement control are still unclear. In the current work we have reviewed understanding of proprioceptio…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 80–90
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The effects of fluid loss on physical performance: A critical review
Purpose: The purpose of this review was to critically analyse the current evidence investigating the effect of an athlete’s hydration status on physical performance. Methods: A literature search of multiple databases was used to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review. The included studies were then critically appraised using the Downs and Black protocol. Results: N…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 357–363
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The use of the greater trochanter marker in the thigh segment model:Implicati…
Background: The greater trochanter marker is commonly used in 3-dimensional (3D) models; however, its influence on hip and knee kinematics during gait is unclear. Understanding the influence of the greater trochanter marker is important when quantifying frontal and transverse plane hip and knee kinematics, parameters which are particularly relevant to investigate in individuals with conditions …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 5 (2016) 95–100
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Determine an effective golf swing by swing speed and impact precision tests
Background: To understand an effective golf swing, both swing speed and impact precision must be thoroughly and simultaneously examined. The aim of this study was to perform both swing speed test and impact precision test to ascertain what swing type determines an effective impact. Methods: Seven golfers from a college team (handicap: 0e12) were recruited to complete a swing speed test and imp…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 244e249
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance in children with and wi…
Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood disorder that affects approximately 11% of children in the United States. Research supports that a single session of exercise benefits cognitive performance by children, and a limited number of studies have demonstrated that these effects can also be realized by children with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 97e104
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Acute exercise is associated with specific executive functions in college stu…
Purpose: The relationship between acute exercise and executive functions in college students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been clearly established. The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the difference in cognitive performance between college students with and without ADHD and to explore the effects of acute exercise on multiple aspects of executive…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 89e96
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effects of acute aerobic exercise on response preparation in a Go/No Go Task …
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of acute exercise on reaction time and response preparation during a Go/No Go Task in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Nineteen children with ADHD (aged between 8 and 12 years old) undertook a 30-min intervention that consisted of treadmill running or video-watching presented in a counterbal…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 82e88
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effects of acute aerobic exercise on motor response inhibition: An ERP study …
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of acute exercise on motor response inhibition using both behavioral and electrophysiological approaches. Methods: The P3 and N1 event-related potential (ERP) components were recorded while performing a stop-signal task in 21 college students following a moderately intense acute exercise bout for 30 min and a sedentary control ses…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 73e81
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Failure to identify an acute exercise effect on executive function assessed b…
Purpose: Acute exercise has been linked to the facilitation of executive function, but little is known regarding executive function assessed by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The present research consisted of two experiments aimed to determine whether acute aerobic exercise influences successive WCST performance. Methods: In Study 1, 27 young adults were randomly assigned to the exerc…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 64e72
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Where are the limits of the effects of exercise intensity on cognitive control?
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate whether workload intensity modulates exercise-induced effect on reaction time (RT) performances, and more specifically to clarify whether cognitive control that plays a crucial role in rapid decision making is altered. Methods: Fourteen participants performed a Simon Task while cycling 20 min at a light (first ventilatory threshold, VT1 e 20%), moderate…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 56e63
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Exercise and children’s cognition: The role of exercise characteristics and…
Definitive conclusions concerning the impact of exercise interventions on children’s mental functioning are difficult to ascertain because of procedural differences among studies. A narrative review of studies was conducted to evaluate the role of two types of exercise interventions on children’s cognition. Acute and chronic exercise interventions were classified as quantitative or qualitat…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 47e55
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Is there an acute exercise-induced physiological/biochemical threshold which …
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 4e13
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The strength model of self-control revisited: Linking acute and chronic effec…
Since the 1960’s, hundreds of articles have been published on the effects of exercise on cognition and more recently on executive functions. A large variety of effects have been observed: acute or long-lasting, facilitating or debilitating. Several theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain these effects with plausible mechanisms. However, as yet none of these models has succeeded i…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 30e46
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation probes the excitability of the primary moto…
The effects of exercise on decision-making performance have been studied using a wide variety of cognitive tasks and exercise interventions. Although the current literature supports a beneficial influence of acute exercise on cognitive performance, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not yet been elucidated. We review studies that used single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 24e29
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a potential mechanism of the effe…
The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 14e23
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Evaluation of the test–retest repeatability of the Injury Severity Percepti…
Objective: To determine the test–retest repeatability of the Injury Severity Perception (ISP) score in participants with acute whiplash-associated disorders (WADs). Methods: Consecutive patients with WAD, presenting in the acute stage to a primary care center, were asked to complete the ISP score. ISP was measured with a numerical rating scale that ranged from 0 to 10, on which subjects were…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 396–398
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Women’s football: Player characteristics and demands of the game
The number of scientific investigations on women’s football specific to the topics of player characteristics and demands of the game has considerably increased in recent years due to the increased popularity of the women’s game worldwide, although they are not yet as numerous as in the case of men’s football. To date, only two scientific publications have attempted to review the main find…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 258e272
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Physical contributors to glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in high schoo…
Background: Glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) is a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injury in baseball players. Although this evidence forms a basis for recommending stretching, clinical measures of internal rotation range of motion (ROM) do not differentiate if GIRD is due to muscular, capsuloligamentous, or osseous factors. Understanding the contributions of these structures to …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 299e306
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Acute short-term dim light exposure can lower muscle strength endurance
Background: Since it has been shown that spending 18 h under dim light conditions can result in reduced handgrip endurance, it was questioned whether or not a shorter exposure to dim light (i.e., 1 h) would have similar influence upon muscular endurance. Therefore this study compared the number of weighted knee extension lifts that could be done after spending 1 h in either dim or bright light.…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 270e274
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Validity and reliability of eating disorder assessments used with athletes: A…
Background: Prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) among college-aged athletes has risen in recent years. Although measures exist for assessing EDs, these measures have not been thoroughly reviewed in athletes. This study reviewed the validity and reliability evidence of the commonly used measures for assessing EDs in athlete populations aged 18e26 years. Methods: Databases were searched for stu…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 211e221
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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An 8-week reactive balance training program in older healthy adults: A prelim…
Background: This preliminary study examined the effects of an 8-week supervised reactive balance training program on reaction time (RT) and foot speed, static balance and balance confidence in healthy older adults compared to an exercise control group. Methods: Twenty-five older adults were randomly assigned to a reactive balance training group (QuickBoard; n ¼ 12; 71.0 8.6 years) or a stat…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 263e269
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effect of different stretching strategies on the kinetics of vertical jumping…
Purpose: The present study aimed to examine the effect of static stretching (SS) and a sport-specific dynamic stretching (DS) session at two specific post-stretch time intervals in highly trained female athletes (age 19.90 ± 1.60 years; height 1.80 ± 0.06 m; mass 76.87 ± 9.95 kg) on kinetic parameters of peak force, time-to-takeoff, and rate of force development. Methods: The data were coll…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 364–370
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Fundamental movement skills training to promote physical activity in children…
Background: A positive association between fundamental movement skills (FMS) and physical activity (PA) has been shown in previous research of children with and without disability. This pilot study explored a causal mechanism for such relationship, and hypothesized that when FMS proficiency is improved, enhanced PA uptake will be found in children with and without disability. It was further hyp…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 4 (2015) 235e243
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effect of turf on the cutting movement of female football players
Purpose: The globalisation of artificial turf and the increase in player participation has driven the need to examine injury risk in the sport of football. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surfaceeplayer interaction in female football players between natural and artificial turf. Methods: Eight university level female football players performed an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 314e319
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effects of small-volume soccer and vibration training on body composition, ae…
Purpose: The present study investigated the effects of 16 weeks of small-volume, small-sided soccer training soccer group (SG, n ¼ 13) and oscillating whole-body vibration training vibration group (VG, n ¼ 17) on body composition, aerobic fitness, and muscle PCr kinetics in healthy inactive premenopausal women in comparison with an inactive control group (CO, n ¼ 14). Methods: Training for …
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 284e292
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Principles and practices of training for soccer
The complexity of the physical demands of soccer requires the completion of a multi-component training programme. The development,planning, and implementation of such a programme are difficult due partly to the practical constraints related to the competitive schedule at the top level. The effective planning and organisation of training are therefore crucial to the effective delivery of the tra…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 251e257
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The relative age effect has no influence on match outcome in youth soccer
Purpose: In age-restricted youth sport, the over-selection of athletes born in the first quarter of the year and under-selection of athletes born in the last quarter of the year has been called the relative age effect (RAE). Its existence in youth sports like soccer is well established. Why it occurs has not been identified, however, one thought is that older players, generally taller and heavi…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 273e278
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: Loading mechanisms,risk factor…
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in soccer. Understanding ACL loading mechanisms and risk factors for ACL injury is critical for designing effective prevention programs. The purpose of this review is to summarize the relevant literature on ACL loading mechanisms, ACL injury risk factors, and current ACL injury prevention programs for soccer players. Literature has shown that…
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- ISBN/ISSN
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- Deskripsi Fisik
- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 299e306
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Stress hormonal analysis in elite soccer players during a season
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in some hormonal parameters (cortisol, testosterone, ratio of testosterone/cortisol (T/C)) in professional soccer players during a season. Methods: Fifteen professional players from a soccer club of the first division of the Greek soccer league participated. All sport medical examinations were conducted four times: before the re-bu…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 279e283
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Effects of carbohydrate supplements on exercise-induced menstrual dysfunction…
Background: Exercise-associated menstrual dysfunction (EAMD) is a common health problem in female athletes as a part of female athlete triad (FAT), a condition related to low energy availability. In this study, we explored the possibility that carbohydrate supplements can improve the status of EAMD and prevent exercise-induced ovarian injury in a FAT rat model. This research aimed to provide ex…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 189e195
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Sex differences in exercise and drug addiction: A mini review of animal studies
Growing literature has demonstrated that exercise may be an effective prevention and treatment option for drug addiction. In the past few years, many studies have suggested that there were sex differences in all phases of drug addiction. However, very limited research has investigated sex differences in the effectiveness of exercise intervention in drug addiction and rehabilitation. In this min…
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- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 163e169
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Exercise training and antioxidant supplementation independently improve cogni…
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if antioxidant supplementation, moderate exercise, and the combination of both treatments could ameliorate cognitive performance in adult mice and whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE ) genotype as well as sex could influence the functional outcomes of the treatments. Methods: For a period of 16 weeks, separate groups of male and female mice ex…
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- Deskripsi Fisik
- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 196e205
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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The acute effects of vibration stimulus following FIFA 11þ on agility and re…
Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of combining the FIFA 11þ and acute vibration training on reactive strength index (RSI) and 505 agility. Methods: Seventy-four male collegiate soccer players took part in the study and were randomly assigned to FIFA 11þ with acute vibration group (FIFA þ WBV), FIFA 11þ with isometric squat group (FIFA þ IS) or a control group consis…
- Edisi
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- ISBN/ISSN
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- Deskripsi Fisik
- Journal of Sport and Health Science 3 (2014) 293e298
- Judul Seri
- Journal of Sport and Health Science
- No. Panggil
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Karya Umum 
Filsafat 
Agama 
Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 
Bahasa 
Ilmu-ilmu Murni 
Ilmu-ilmu Terapan 
Kesenian, Hiburan, dan Olahraga 
Kesusastraan 
Geografi dan Sejarah