Purpose: To investigate the link between peak oxygen uptake and regional body composition by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in Japanese subjects. Methods: A total of 93 men (42.2 12.3 years old) and 106 women (43.5 12.3 years old) were enrolled in this cross-sectional investigation study. Peak oxygen uptake was measured by the breath-by-breath method. Regional body composition i.e…
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent that a static stretching program could increase heart rate (HR) and oxygen consumption (VO2), and if the increases were sufficient to serve as a warm-up for aerobic activity. Methods: The HR and VO2 of 15 male and 16 female college students were measured after either 12 min of passive static stretching (SS), or 12 min pseudo-stretc…
Background: The majority of injuries reported in female basketball players are ankle sprains and mechanisms leading to injury have been debated. Investigations into muscular imbalances in barefoot versus shod conditions and their relationship with injury severity have not been performed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of wearing athletic shoes on muscular strength and …
Purpose: This study explored the relationship between mental toughness and college basketball performance, specifically examining possible moderating variables (gender and starting status). Methods: Male and female (n ¼ 197) college basketball players completed the Psychological Performance Inventory-Alternative (PPI-A), a measure of characteristics and skills consistent with mental toughness…
Background: Understanding leisure time physical inactivity is a priority in Westernized nations where participation rates are low. The present study sought to address this priority by examining whether the extraversion and emotional instability to leisure time exercise relationships were mediated through Elliot’s (1999) 2 2 achievement goals. Methods: Participants were 116 female and 97 ma…
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between children’s situational motivation and physical activity (PA) levels in a Dance Dance Revolution (DDR) program, and perceived PA enjoyment. Methods: A sample of 215 elementary children participated in a weekly 30-min DDR program. Children’s situational motivation toward DDR (intrinsic motivation, identified regulati…
Background: The influence of self-presentation concerns on the adolescent sport experience has received scant empirical attention. The purpose of this investigation was to prospectively examine the relationship among self-presentational concerns and pre-game affective states among middle and high school aged football players. Methods: American football players (n ¼ 112; mean age ¼ 15.57 year…
Background: The parent-to-child influences can be adaptive and contribute to the optimal psychological well-being and positive perception of the athlete. Contrary to the healthy parental involvement, a family can also have negative effects on an athlete development. The purpose of this study was to determine gender, father involvement, and mother involvement differences in the psychological pro…
We report an extremely rare case of both recurrent lateral patella dislocation and medial patellofemoral instability, following prior operations to correct patella maltracking. Manual translation of the patella revealed medial and lateral instability with a positive apprehension sign. 3-D computer modelling of kinematics based on MRI data demonstrated that the patella deviated laterally at full…
Clinical disorders often are characterized by a breakdown in dynamical processes that contribute to the control of upright standing. Disruption to a large number of physiological processes operating at different time scales can lead to alterations in postural center of pressure (CoP)fluctuations. Multiscale entropy (MSE) has been used to identify differences in fluctuations of postural CoP time…
Background: Interpersonal coordination is an essential aspect of daily life, and crucial to performance in cooperative and competitive team sports. While empirical research has investigated interpersonal coordination using a wide variety of analytical tools and frameworks, to date very few studies have employed multifractal techniques to study the nature of interpersonal coordination across mul…
Literate individuals possess knowledge and skill and can apply these to perform tasks in novel settings. Knowledge is at the heart of physical literacy and provides the foundation for knowing what to do and how and when to perform. In this paper I argue that physical literacy includes not only knowledge for performance but also the ability to apply knowledge and use knowledge for innovation. Sc…
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of landing on a combined inversion and plantarflexion surface on the ankle kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) activities of medial gastrocnemius (MG), peroneus longus (PL), and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Methods: Twelve recreational athletes performed five drop landings from an overhead bar of 30 cm height on to three surfa…
Objectives: Heart rate variability (HRV) can be a simple, non-invasive method of gauging cardiac autonomic nervous system fluctuations across periodised training workloads and taper in elite athlete populations. The purpose of these three case studies was to examine daily cardiac autonomic variations in Paralympic athletes leading in to the Paralympic games. Methods: Three Paralympic gold medal…
Brain injuries in sports drew more and more public attentions in recent years. Brain injuries vary by name, type, and severity in the athletic setting. It should be noted, however, that these injuries are not isolated to only the athletic arena, as non-athletic mechanisms (e.g., motor vehicle accidents) are more common causes of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) among teenagers. Notwithstanding, a…
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (C-BREQ-2) among Chinese university students from the Mainland and Hong Kong of China. Methods: University students from the Mainland (n ¼ 191) and Hong Kong (n ¼ 194) of China participated in this study. Factorial validity,discriminant vali…
Background: Many studies examining individual-level correlates in youth utilize self-report rather than objective measures of physical activity (PA). This utilization of self-report may result in associations that are not present when examining objectively measured PA. The present study investigates the relationship between hypothesized correlates of PA with objectively and subjectively measure…
Background: It has been reported that strenuous exercise increases the number of bone marrow-derived progenitor cells such as CD34þ cells in the blood, but no previous studies have investigated the changes in circulating CD34þ cells following resistance exercise. This study tested the hypothesis that the number of CD34 þ cells in the blood would increase after eccentric exercise of the elbow…
Background: Among numerous health benefits, sports participation has been shown to reduce the risk of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. Schools represent an ideal environment for increasing sports participation, but it is unclear how access and choice influence participation and whether characteristics of the school sports program differentially influence boys’ and girls’ …
Background: Regular exercise is beneficial for adults with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD risk factors. Tai Ji Quan is popular among older adults and may offer additional exercise options. The present article aims to review the scientific literature published within the past decade on Tai Ji Quan as an exercise modality to prevent and manage CVD. Methods: An electronic literature search o…
Sport-related concussion is a common neurological injury that occurs in all levels of athletic participation. Concussions may actually go undiagnosed, as they do not always display outward signs and athletes may fail to report symptoms of concussion, either because they do not know the symptoms, or for fear of removal from play. Inappropriate management of concussion can lead to increased risk …
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during aerobic metabolism and at moderate level. They play a role in redox signaling, but in significant concentration they cause oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of brain to ROS, it is especially important to maintain the normal redox state in different types of neuron cells. In last decade it b…
Purpose: To assess the effects of trust in the coach on commitment to coach, willingness to cooperate, and perceived performance. Methods: Two hundred and fifteen members of competitive sports clubs responded to scales measuring coach characteristics of justice,benevolence, integrity, and competence; athlete’s trust in the coach; commitment to coach; willingness to cooperate; and perceived p…
The literature presented here was originally developed partially as class notes and handouts for the Advanced International Course for the Identification of Marine Phytoplankton, held in Oslo, Norway, and later in Naples, Italy. This material, continuously revised and updated by the authors, is an effort to synthesize the latest information with that published previously, often in different…
Having been involved for more than 15 years in wind, wave, and storm surge research, we have been in contact with many people having different interests in these topics. Most of them were seeking long time series of data over the often poorly sampled coastal, offshore, and ocean regions. We have collaborated with a shipyard developing RoRo and RoPax ferries operating on fixed routes. Enviro…
The 1984 edition of this book grew out of my conviction that at the heart of any applied science is a determination to bring to the solution of significant problems both a mastery of relevant technical information and a sensitivity to social values. The 1996 edition continues in that direction but gives extra emphasis to our fishery management failures and the accelerating professional cha…
A comprehensive study of cohesive sediment requires a multi-disciplinary approach. The behaviour of cohesive sediment is determined by physical, biological and chemical aspects. Furthermore, there is a wide range of societal issues related to cohesive sediments, such as siltation in navigational channels, water quality problems, sustainable management of estuaries and wetlands, stability o…
Small populations are predicted to perform poorly relative to large populations when experiencing environmental change. To explore this prediction in nature,data from reciprocal transplant, common garden, and translocation studies were compared meta-analytically. We contrasted changes in performance resulting from transplantation to new environments among individuals originating from different…
The past two decades have witnessed a growing body of research that draws on post-structuralist theory to interrogate environmental discourses in planning. Grounded in the interpretative tradition,this approach rejects essentialist ontology to assume environmental discourses being socially constructed and linked to different policy arenas at multiple geographical scales. Widely applied in the e…
Both ‘spatial skewness’ in population sizes, incomes and house prices and ‘agglomeration economies’are important features in many countries. This paper uses a solvable core-periphery model capturing the two features to specify a market-induced housing boom under the condition of a fixed or very inelastic housing supply. Two main insights emerge from our analysis. First, there exists a r…
The proliferation of streetcar projects in US cities is one of the most significant transportation developments of recent years, yet little is known about the factors that contribute to streetcar ridership or whether these factors differ from those related to light rail transit use. This study uses multivariate models to examine differences in the factors related to average weekday station boar…
This paper explains the importance of distinguishing de facto from de jure property rights, confused by some economists, in heritage conservation planning. A comparative study on three Hong Kong examples of British colonial military buildings is used to show how neither de jure private property rights nor de facto close access is a solution to the problem of open access to heritage buildings. A…
Drawing on in-depth stakeholder interviews and media accounts, we explore a case of civic activism over the opening of a strip club in a neighbourhood of Etobicoke, one of six municipalities amalgamated in 1998 to form the current City of Toronto, Ontario. In 2008, the growing residential gentrification of the area had not yet extended into the commercial district and the opening of the strip c…
With increased inequity and polarisation in society, access to leisure has become even more crucial for ensuring the humanity and health of people living in urban poverty. Homeless people constitute the hard edge of urban poverty, and literally embody broader inequities in society given that they face increased risk of illness and an early death. Scholars have explored the material and psychoso…
The Tiebout hypothesis has stimulated 50 years of research into the relationship between residential location and local taxes and services. One line of research has focused on socioeconomic homogeneity as an indicator of Tiebout sorting. I argue that spatial dependence of socioeconomic variables confounds attempts to attribute sorting to Tiebout processes. Socioeconomic sorting is investigated …
It is well-recognised in labour economics that employers in monopsonistic competition have market power to set wages below the productivity of workers if workers are immobile, which causes monopsonistic exploitation of workers. Monopsonistic exploitation is propelled by employers’expectations about the degree of (im)mobility of workers and therefore by ex post mobility of workers. It hence be…
This paper reflects upon intellectual possibilities of Raymond Williams’ classic study The Country and the City (1975) within current urban and regional research. First, the paper canvasses the relevance of the book by constructing a frame of reference based on its citations in urban and regional studies. The principal findings of this approach discern frequent use of the main points develope…
This paper investigates the heterogeneity of housing-tenure choice in the city of Guangzhou based on a household survey. Using methods of finite mixture regression, we identified three groups with distinct housing-tenure choice subprocesses, which we labelled as the ‘urban elites’,the ‘native plebeians’ and the ‘lower masses’, accordingly. The urban elites group includes affluent lo…
Most Dutch cities have adopted urban restructuring policies aimed at creating a socially mixed population in deprived neighbourhoods. This entails the demolition of low-cost, social rented housing units, which leads to the displacement of their residents. While researchers have investigated the social effects of displacement on adults, this study is the first to provide insight into the effects…
Managing urban growth is inherently contentious. Government policies seek to facilitate and spatially contain growth, while balancing public and private interests. The need for climate adaptation strategies in the urban context is recognised but arguably poorly institutionalised in growth management policies or in urban governance more broadly. This paper considers how debates around urban adap…
This article explores youth drinking in Zurich, Switzerland, on both public squares away from nightlife areas, referred to as ‘square street drinking’ and on the street within the vicinity of nightclubs, defined as ‘club street drinking’. Taking a relational space approach, the analysis adds a social perspective to the dominant economicpolitical perspective to drinking in urban nightli…
Urban residential neighbourhoods, including migrant neighbourhoods, have become important incubation zones for small businesses in recent years and policy-makers and academics alike are wondering which local factors affect this development. This paper analyses the extent to which migrant neighbourhood characteristics related to the built environment and the local regulations matter in determini…
Abstract This paper considers the very large differences in adaptive capacity among the world’s urban centres. It then discusses how risk levels may change for a range of climatic drivers of impacts in the near term (2030–2040) and the long term (2080–2100) with a 2°C and a 4°C warming for Dar es Salaam, Durban,London and New York City. The paper is drawn directly from Chapter 8 of C…
This paper reviews what local governments in more than 50 cities are doing with regard to disaster risk reduction. It draws on the reports of their participation in the global Making Cities Resilient Campaign and its 10 “essential” components, and on interviews with city mayors or managers. These show how resilience to disasters is being conceived and addressed by local governments,especia…
The relationship between the built environment and vulnerability and resilience is a little-studied area of research, and demands an exploration of constraints and windows of opportunity. Given gender roles and the division of labour between women and men within urban poor households, the impacts of climate extremes are likely to be gendered. But conceptualizing gender only in terms of the vul…
This paper is a report on one of three related case studies in Latin America and shows the progress in the city of Chetumal, and the larger state of which it is the capital (Quintana Roo), in disaster response, especially with regard to cyclones. It also shows the progress in land use and ecological planning through the development of certain tools, which have changed the approach from one of …
The relationship between “coping” and “resilience” increasingly features in academic, policy and practical discussions on adaptation to climate change in urban areas. This paper examines this relationship in the context of households in “extreme poverty” in the city of Khulna, Bangladesh. It draws on a quantitative data set based on 550 household interviews in low-income and informa…
During the last few decades, the theoretical research on marine systems, particularly in numerical modelling, has developed rapidly. A number of biogeochemical models, population models and coupled physical chemical and biological models have been developed and are used for research. Although this is a rapidly growing field, as documented by the large number of publications in the scientif…
We began to formulate the initial ideas for this Manual as early as 2006. It had become apparent to us that civil and structural engineers not specialising in geotechnics face a daunting knowledge gap when they come up against a geotechnical problem. Most civil engineers leave university with very little grounding in geotechnical engineering. They will have a fair grasp of applied mechanics …
We began to formulate the initial ideas for this Manual as early as 2006. It had become apparent to us that civil and structural engineers not specialising in geotechnics face a daunting knowledge gap when they come up against a geotechnical problem. Most civil engineers leave university with very little grounding in geotechnical engineering. They will have a fair grasp of applied mechanics …