Abstract—Thephysiologicalandactivitystrainindex(PASI)has beendevelopedtoimprovetheonlinedecisionsupportforworkers exposed to heat stress. Fire fighters (smoke divers) which are exposedtobothheat-stressandhigh-risksituationshavebeenusedas test case. PASI combines a modified version of the relatively wellknown physiological strain index (PSI) with activity data from accelerometers. The algori…
As a consequence of the success of post-World War II agriculture, particularly in western Europe, many in affluent societies have taken food for granted for decades. We lack historical perspective to conclude that the gap between the world demand and supply of food is widening or otherwise. Nonetheless, the recent debate on this gap and the role of research and development in agriculture is a…
This book is concerned with the principles by which crop management can influence how plants use environmental resources. It deals with the biological processes that operate in the links between management, the physical environment and agricultural vegetation. It also seeks to identify general principles that operate across tropical species, cropping systems and environments. The purpose of …
The ash leaf cone roller Caloptilia fraxinella Ely (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an invasive leaf-mining moth pest of horticultural ash Fraxinus spp. in the Canadian Prairie Provinces. Caloptilia fraxinella overwinter as adults in reproductive diapause and mating occurs after overwintering in the spring. The effect of a carbohydrate food source on fat and glycerol reserves throughout the…
Abstract The traditional approach to acidebase physiology is based on the HendersoneHasselbalch equation which is derived from the CO2=HCO3 buffer system. However, it is becoming increasingly recognized that this is an incomplete analysis as it focuses on only one of the six reactions involving H þ and can lead to the incorrect assumption that CO2 and HCO3 are independentlyadjusted facto…
Lavandula pedunculata (Mill.) Cav. subsp. lusitanica, Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas and Lavandula viridis l’Hér. are three lavender taxa that belong to the botanical section Stoechas and are widely used as aromatherapy, culinary herb or folk medicine in many Mediterranean regions. The analysis of their bioactive volatile constituents revealed the presence of 124 substances, the most …
As active, “seasoned” teachers of anatomy and physiology, we find the mission of guiding our students toward an understanding of the complexities of the human body immensely rewarding. The study of anatomy and physiology is the foundation upon which a variety of gratifying health-related careers is built. Assisting students in recognizing the importance of this science as essential to their…
The formation, dispersal, and germination of seeds are crucial stages in the life cycles of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants. The unique properties of seeds, particularly their tolerance to desiccation, their mobility, and their ability to schedule their germination to coincide with times when environmental conditions are favorable to their survival as seedlings, have no doubt contributed s…
As you begin your study of the human body, you should be prepared to make maximum use of the resources available to you, including your instructor, the library, the Internet, and your textbook. One of my goals in this book is to provide you not only with information about how the human body functions but also with tips for studying and problem solving. Many of these study aids have been develop…
Studying the human body can be overwhelming at times. The new terminology, used to describe body parts and how they work, can make it seem as if you are studying a foreign language. Learning all the parts of the body, along with the composition of each part, and how each part fits with the other parts to make the whole requires memorization. Understanding the way each body part works individua…
An anatomy and physiology course can be the gateway to a gratifying career in a host of health-related professions. As active teachers of the course, we recognize both the rewards and challenges in providing a strong foundation for understanding the complexities of the human body to an increasingly diverse population of students. The twelfth edition of Principles of Anatomy and Physiology cont…
Physiology is the foundation of medical practice. A firm grasp of its principles is essential for the medical student and the practicing physician. This book is intended for students of medicine and related disciplines who are engaged in the study of physiology. It can be used either as a companion to lectures and syllabi in discipline-based curricula or as a primary source in integrated or…
In the compass of this small book it is impossible to cover all aspects of fish biology. Even at a fairly low level, such an herculean task, would require a very much larger book. Instead, we have chosen to look in more detail at topics that are most interesting to us, some of which are not too well treated in other texts. Our aim is to explain such topics as oxygen acquisition or feeding m…
Rapid Review Physiology, Second Edition, is intended for medical students preparing for Step 1 of the United States Medical Licensing Examination. I believe this new edition represents a significant improvement from the first edition for a variety of reasons. The first edition was written by me while I was a resident in internal medicine, with tremendous input from contributing authors. Alt…
This textbook is written for students and is the product of more than three decades of my teaching experience. It intends to give a broad but concise overview of the various aspects of plant biochemistry, including molecular biology. I have attached importance to an easily understood description of the principles of metabolism but also have restricted the content in such a way that a student is…
This textbook is written for students and is the product of more than three decades of my teaching experience. It intends to give a broad but concise overview of the various aspects of plant biochemistry, including molecular biology. I have attached importance to an easily understood description of the principles of metabolism but also have restricted the content in such a way that a student is…
When the first edition of this text appeared thirteen years ago, its writing was guided by several of objectives. • The text should be suited for a semester course for undergraduate students encountering the subject of plant physiology for the first time. It was assumed that the student would have completed a first course in botany or biology with a strong botanical component. The book sho…
When the first edition of this text appeared thirteen years ago, its writing was guided by several of objectives. • The text should be suited for a semester course for undergraduate students encountering the subject of plant physiology for the first time. It was assumed that the student would have completed a first course in botany or biology with a strong botanical component. The book sho…
† Background and Aims: The combination of clonality and a mating system promoting outcrossing is considered advantageous because outcrossing avoids the fitness costs of selfing within clones (geitonogamy) while clonality assures local persistence and increases floral display. The spatial spread of genetically identical plants (ramets) may, however, also decrease paternal diversity (the numb…
† Background and Aims: The use of vitamins including vitamin B1, B2 and K3 for the induction of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) to protect crops against plant pathogens has been evaluated previously. The use of vitamins is beneficial because it is cost effective and safe for the environment. The use of folate precursors, including ortho-aminobenzoic acid, to induce SAR against a soft-rot …
† Background and Aims: The Orchidaceae have a history of recurring convergent evolution in floral function as nectar production has evolved repeatedly froman ancestral nectarless state.However, orchids exhibit considerable diversity in nectary type, position and morphology, indicating that this convergence arose from alternative adaptive solutions. Using the genus Disa, this study asks wheth…
† Background and Aims: The coastal plain of Israel hosts the last few remaining populations of the endemic Iris atropurpurea (Iridaceae), a Red List species of high conservation priority. The flowers offer no nectar reward. Here the role of night-sheltering male solitary bees, honey-bees and female solitary bees as pollinators of I. atropurpurea is documented. † Methods: Breeding syste…
† Background: Plants in over one hundred families in habitats worldwide bear extrafloral nectaries (EFNs). EFNs display a remarkable diversity of evolutionary origins, as well as diverse morphology and location on the plant. They secrete extrafloral nectar, a carbohydrate-rich food that attracts ants and other arthropods, many of which protect the plant in return. By fostering ecologically …
† Background and Aims: Penium margaritaceum is a unicellular charophycean green alga with a unique bi-directional polar expansion mechanism that occurs at the central isthmus zone prior to cell division. This entails the focused deposition of cell-wall polymers coordinated by the activities of components of the endomembrane system and cytoskeletal networks. The goal of this study was to eluc…
† Background and Aims: Rhamnogalacturonan-II (RG-II) is one of the pectin motifs found in the cellwall of all land plants. It contains sugars such as 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-lyxo-heptulosaric acid (Dha) and 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo), and within thewall RG-II is mostly found as a dimer via a borate diester cross-link.To date, little is knownregarding the biosynthesis of this mot…
† Background and Aims: Aluminium is toxic in acid soils because the soluble Al3+ inhibits root growth.Amechanism of Al3+ tolerance discovered in many plant species involves the release of organic anions fromroot apices. The Al3+ - activated release of citrate from the root apices of Al3+ -tolerant genotypes of barley is controlled by a MATE gene named HvAACT1 that encodes a citrate transpor…
† Background and Aims: The putative FASCICLIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN PROTEIN 4 (At-FLA4) locus of Arabidopsis thaliana has previously been shown to be required for the normal growth of wild-type roots in response to moderately elevated salinity. However, the genetic and physiological pathway that connects At-FLA4 and normal root growth remains to be elucidated. † Methods: The radial swel…
† Backgrounds and Aims: Current research in plant science has concentrated on revealing ontogenetic processes of key attributes in plant evolution. One recently discussed model is the ‘transient model’ successful in explaining some types of inflorescence architectures based on two main principles: the decline of the so called ‘vegetativeness’ (veg) factor and the transient nature of…
† Background: Certain membrane-associated arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) with lysine-rich sub-domains participate in plant growth, development and resistance to stress. To complement fluorescence imaging of such molecules when tagged and introduced transgenically to the cell periphery and to extend the groundwork for assessing molecular structure, some behaviours of surface-spread AGPs were…
† Background: Strigolactones (SLs) – a group of plant hormones and their derivatives – have been found to play a role in the regulation of root development, in addition to their role in suppression of lateral shoot branching: they alter root architecture and affect root-hair elongation, and SL signalling is necessary for the root response to low phosphate (Pi) conditions. These effects …
† Background and Aims: Invasive plants can be released from specialist herbivores and encounter novel generalists in their introduced ranges, leading to variation in defence among native and invasive populations. However, fewstudies have examined how constitutive and induced indirect defences change during plant invasion, especially during the juvenile stage. † Methods: Constitutive e…
† Background and Aims: The sedge genus Carex, the most diversified angiosperm genus of the northern temperate zone, is renowned for its holocentric chromosomes and karyotype variability. The genus exhibits high variation in chromosome numbers both among and within species. Despite the possibility that this chromosome evolution may play a role in the high species diversity of Carex, populatio…
† Background and Aims: A positive correlation between tissue thickness and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) expression has been frequently suggested. Therefore, this study addressed the question of whether water availability modulates photosynthetic plasticity in different organs of two epiphytic orchids with distinct leaf thickness. † Methods: Tissue morphologyand photosyntheticmod…
† Background and Aims: Leaf hydraulic properties are strongly linked with transpiration and photosynthesis in many species. However, it is not known if gas exchange and hydraulics will have co-ordinated responses to climate change. The objective of this study was to investigate the responses of leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf) in Glycine max (soybean) to growth at elevated [CO2] and incre…
† Background and Aims: Root hairs are responsible for water and nutrient uptake from the soil and their growth is responsive to biotic and abiotic changes in their environment. Root hair expansion is a polarized process requiring secretory and endosomal pathways that deliver and recycle plasma membrane and cell wall material to the growing root hair tip. In this paper, the role of VTI13 (A…
† Background and Aims: The most plausible explanation for treeline formation so far is provided by the growth limitation hypothesis (GLH), which proposes that carbon sinks are more restricted by low temperatures than by carbon sources. Evidence supporting the GLH has been strong in evergreen, but less and weaker in deciduous treeline species. Here a test is made of the GLH in deciduous–ev…
† Background and Aims: Blue-green iridescence in the tropical rainforest understorey sedge Mapania caudata creates structural coloration in its leaves through a novel photonic mechanism. Known structures in plants producing iridescent blues consist of altered cellulose layering within cell walls and in special bodies, and thylakoid membranes in specialized plastids. This study was undertake…
† Background and Aims: C4 eudicot species are classified into biochemical sub-types of C4 photosynthesis based on the principal decarboxylating enzyme. Two sub-types are known, NADP-malic enzyme (ME) and NAD-ME; however, evidence for the occurrence or involvement of the third sub-type (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; PEP-CK) is emerging. In this study, the presence and activity of PEP-CK …
† Background and Aims: Sexual reproduction is one of the most important moments in a life cycle, determining the genetic composition of individual offspring. Controlled pollination experiments often show high variation in the mating system at the individual level, suggesting a persistence of individual variation in natural populations. Individual variation in mating patterns may have signifi…
† Background and Aims: Seeds of the moist temperate woodland species Galanthus nivalis and Narcissus pseudonarcissus, dispersed during spring or early summer, germinated poorly in laboratory tests. Seed development and maturation were studied to better understand the progression from developmental to germinable mode in order to improve seed collection and germination practices in these and s…
† Background and Aims: Carnivorous plants of the genus Nepenthes possess modified leaves that form pitfall traps in order to capture prey, mainly arthropods, to make additional nutrients available for the plant. These pitchers contain a digestive fluid due to the presence of hydrolytic enzymes. In this study, the composition of the digestive fluid was further analysed with regard to mineral…
† Background and Aims: In trees, bud development is driven by endogenous and exogenous factors such as species and climate, respectively. However, knowledge is scarce on how these factors drive changes in bud size across different time scales. † Methods: The seasonal patterns of apical bud enlargement are related to primary and secondary growth in two coexisting Mediterranean oaks wit…
† Background: There is a large body of literature on competitive interactions among plants, but many studies have only focused on above-ground interactions and little is known about root–root dynamics between interacting plants. The perspective on possible mechanisms that explain the outcome of root–root interactions has recently been extended to include non-resource-driven mechanisms (a…